1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 3及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_More boys than girls arc born all over the world, but
2、a new study has found that the closer people live to the equator, the smaller the difference becomes. No one knows why. The skewed sex ratio at birth has been known for more than a hundred years, and researchers have found a large variety of social, economic and biological factors that correlate wit
3、h itwar, economic stress, age, diet, selective abortion or infanticide and more. Teasing out the contribution of any single cultural or political variable has proved an almost infinitely complicated exercise. But latitude is a natural phenomenon, unaffected by cultural or economic factors. To look a
4、t its effect, Kristen J. Navara of the University of Georgia used the latitude of the capital city in 202 countries, as well as 10 years of data on sex ratio at birth and annual variations in day length and temperature. To estimate socioeconomic status for each country, she used statistics on unempl
5、oyment and gross national product. She also calculated a political instability index using an analysis of stale failure and conflict published by the Fund for Peace, a research organization that combines 12 social, economic and political indicators to estimate the relative stability of the world“s n
6、ations. Then Dr. Navara performed a statistical analysis to figure out which variables affect sex ratio. The report appeared online April 1 in Biology Letters. The number of boys born was not related to socioeconomic and political factors, but there was a significant correlation between sex ratios s
7、kewed in favor of boys and latitude and the climate variables that go with it. African countries produced the lowest sex ratios50. 7 percent boys and European and Asian countries had the highest with 51. 4 percent. The effect of latitude, Dr. Navara found, persisted across wide variations in lifesty
8、le and socioeconomic status. There were large differences in sex ratio between tropical regions within 23 degrees of the equator and the temperate regions 23 to 50 degrees north or south, but no difference between the temperate regions and the subarctic north of 50 degrees. The population of people
9、living south of 50 degrees was too small to be included in the analysis. The correlation with latitude was unchanged even after excluding data from Asian and African countries that might have been skewed by abortion or the killing of baby girls. So sex selection by parents before or at birth does no
10、t explain the correlation.（分数：10.00）(1).According to a new study. _.（分数：2.00）A.sex ratio is determined by where people liveB.sex ratio at birth is skewed all over the worldC.the skewed sex ratio is a natural phenomenonD.the percentage of boys born varies with latitude(2).The sex ratio at birth_.（分数：
11、2.00）A.rests to some extent with the distance to equatorB.is mainly determined by abortion or infanticideC.correlates only with cultural or economic factorsD.related to every single cultural or political variable(3).The author argues that the sex ratio at birth is_.（分数：2.00）A.a natural phenomenon no
12、t subject to human activitiesB.unaffected by cultural or economic factors in a countryC.related to annual variations in day length and temperatureD.associated with the relative stability of the world“s nations(4).The author asserts that the correlation of sex ratio and latitude is _.（分数：2.00）A.affec
13、ted by variations in socioeconomic statusB.invulnerable to abortion or killing of baby girlsC.vulnerable to sex selection by parents before birthD.to be verified with evidence of more years of data(5).The proper title for the text should be _.（分数：2.00）A.Sex Ratio Seen to Vary by LatitudeB.Climate fa
14、ctors Affecting Sex RatioC.Statistics about Human PopulationsD.Variations in Socioeconomic StatusBig decisions make me nervous. I“m okay when it comes to ordering dinner or buying a new pair of jeans, but if I“m selecting a house, a job, or even a mate, some part of me always wonders whether I“m mak
15、ing the best choice. It“s not that I“m a slave to perfection. It“s just that I“m simply trying to steer clear of future regrets and the anger, frustration, grief, and self-blame that accompany them and make regret such an unwelcome, energy-draining emotion. In the dark, long days of winter, it“s nat
16、ural to spend time internally focused, looking back over our lives. Sifting through the past is how we find meaning, so we can enrich the days to come with greater wisdom and clarity. But sometimes this thought process turns on us, and regret takes on a life of its own, affecting our moods and healt
17、h. Regret is one of the most felt but least discussed emotions. While directing a stress disorders clinic years ago, I became convinced that self-blame was one of the primary thought patterns that prevented emotional and even physical healing in my(mostly female)patients. Ruminating about how wrong
18、or deficient you are(How could I have been so stupid? or What an idiot I am!)makes you feel small and ashamed. It pulls you out of the present and keeps you stuck in the past, destroys your peace of mind, and elevates the stress hormone Cortisol. High Cortisol levels, in turn, can undermine immunity
19、, memory, metabolism, and even cardiac health. The first step to understanding regret in your own life is to learn how it works. Cornell University psychologist Thomas Gilovich says that regret comes in three emotional flavors: hot, wistful, and despairing. When the guy you“ve been dating turns out
20、to be married, you“re likely to experience regret as the “hot“ emotions of anger, embarrassment, and irritation. When you think about how fast your kids grew up and wish that you“d spent more time with them, your regrets will probably fall into the “wistful“ category, where nostalgia and sentiment p
21、revail. When you realize that you invested your pension with a con artist who skipped town, you may experience regret as helplessness and utter desperation. Gilovich also found that short-term regret is stronger for actions you took(you bought a fabulous pair of shoes that cost a week“s salary)than
22、for inactions(you passed up those great shoes and wore your old ones to your best friend“s wedding). Conversely, long-term regret is stronger for actions and opportunities that you passed up(that person you didn“t date or the degree you never finished)than for actions you took.（分数：10.00）(1).The auth
23、or feels nervous when making big decisions because he_.（分数：2.00）A.is born indecisive and irresoluteB.dislikes making definite decisionsC.lacks enough intelligence to do soD.attempts to avoid the ensuing regrets(2).It isn“t always beneficial to look back over our lives since we may_.（分数：2.00）A.fail t
24、o find any meaning in our livesB.feel unsatisfied with the things we didC.feel regretful about what we did in the pastD.become less courageous to live in the future(3).Regret is a harmful emotion since it_.（分数：2.00）A.seriously damages one“s healthB.makes one feel small and ashamedC.is usually accomp
25、anied by self-blameD.deters physical and emotional healing(4).If one wants to better understand regret, he should first know something about_.（分数：2.00）A.three emotional flavorsB.its working mechanismC.its typical symptomsD.its three categories(5).According to the text, the person who fails to make b
26、ig decisions and take actions is likely_.（分数：2.00）A.to feel unsatisfied and self-condemnedB.to suffer stronger regrel for a long timeC.to become restless and extremely impatientD.to be afflicted by frustration, and self-blameEvery year, depression affects more that 19 million Americans, but men acco
27、unt for only about one in 10 diagnosed cases. Because of this, depression was once considered a “woman“s disease“, linked to hormones and premenstrual syndrome. The lingering stereotype of depression being a female condition may prevent some men from recognizing its symptoms and seeking appropriate
28、treatment. In reality, depression affects both sexes, disrupting relationships and interfering with work and daily activities. The symptoms of depression are similar for both men and women, but they tend to be expressed differently. The most common symptoms of depression include low self esteem, sui
29、cidal thoughts, loss of interest in usually pleasurable activities, fatigue, changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, apathy and sexual problems, including reduced sex drive. There are several reasons why the symptoms of depression in men are not commonly recognized: Men tend to deny having problems
30、 because they are supposed to “be strong“. American culture suggests that expressing emotion is largely a feminine trait. As a result, men who are depressed are more likely to talk about the physical symptoms of their depression, such as feeling tired, rather than those related to emotions. Depressi
31、on can affect sexual desire and performance. Men often are unwilling to admit to problems with their sexualitymistakenly feeling that the problems are related to their manhood, when in fact they are caused by a medical problem such as depression. The observable symptoms of male depression are not as
32、 well understood as those in women. Men are less likely to show “typical“ signs of depression, such as crying, sadness, loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities, or verbally expressing thoughts of suicide. Instead, men are more likely to keep their feelings hidden, but may become more irr
33、itable and aggressive. For these reasons, many menas well as doctors and other healthcare professionals fail to recognize the problem as depression. Some mental healthcare professionals suggest that if the symptoms of depression were expanded to include anger, blame, lashing out and abuse of alcohol
34、, more men might be diagnosed with depression and treated appropriately. Depression in men can have devastating consequences. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that men in the U. S. are about four times more likely than women to commit suicide. A staggering 75-80% of all people w
35、ho commit suicide in the U. S. are men. Though more women attempt suicide, more men are successful at actually ending their lives. This may be due to the fact that men tend to use more lethal methods of committing suicide, for example using a gun rather than taking an overdose.（分数：10.00）(1).The noti
36、on that depression is a female condition is_.（分数：2.00）A.absurdB.illogicalC.out of dateD.still prevalent(2).The symptoms of depression_.（分数：2.00）A.are more obvious in women than in menB.in men are different from those in womenC.in men are roughly the same as those in womenD.are usually expressed in s
37、imilar ways for both sexes(3).The symptoms of male depression_.（分数：2.00）A.are mostly unobservableB.are likely to be neglectedC.are expressed more violentlyD.are usually expressed verbally(4).Men are reluctant to admit to their problems in sexuality because of_.（分数：2.00）A.their high self-esteemB.thei
38、r persistent depressionC.their poor sexual performanceD.their ever decreasing sexual desire(5).It is not so easy to diagnose male depression primarily because_.（分数：2.00）A.few men lose their interest in enjoyable activitiesB.few men are willing to openly express their feelingsC.men tend to use more l
39、ethal methods of committing suicideD.there are fewer men who attempt to commit suicide than womenWe make hundreds of choices everyday in our lives, from the minor to the enormous, and what we are thinking at the time, whether it be conscious or subconscious, will have a huge effect on our decisions.
40、 In fact, there are several things that can affect the decisions that we make, the weather, the time, our mood, but most importantly, our attitude towards life. It“s natural that the kind of person you are, would reflect the choices that you make in life. A cynical, pessimistic person, will make dec
41、isions based on their world views and ideas and their negativity will be reflected in their choices. When giving a choice, they will assume that the outcome will not be the one they desire and therefore they will not think carefully about the decision itself, but they will think about anything that
42、could go wrong when making the decision, because they genuinely believe it will. And due to their cynical nature, and in believing that they will not have the outcome they desire, they will very often miss out on things that would be good for them, because they think it is too good to be true and th
43、ey do not trust the person offering them the choice. A positive, optimistic person will make a decision, believing that the outcome will be the one they desire, they will think more carefully about the decision than a negative person might, but they will not look at all of the angles and for possibl
44、e flaws, holes or scams because of their trusting nature. Many people think that an arrogant person will not think about a decision as carefully as the rest, believing themselves to be right no matter what. But in fact, the arrogant person is more likely to think carefully about the decision, but be
45、cause they think themselves to be such a good judge of everything, they will not think about all of the angles and any possible problems that they may run into. A person who worries a lot is a combination of the above three, they will think very carefully about the decision, and all of the possible
46、angles. They will make their decision only after a great deal of thought and based on an illogical thought process, they will think more than the other three, but they will not think as clearly. An emotional person will make a decision based on instinct and the way they feel, they will think about t
47、he decision, but the deciding factor, whether they are conscious of it or not, is their gut feeling about the decision.（分数：10.00）(1).The author thinks that what affects one“s decisions most is_.（分数：2.00）A.his sullen or gloomy state of mindB.the state of his feelings at that timeC.not objective but s
48、ubjective factorsD.the way he views and treats his life(2).It is implied in the text that a cynical person_.（分数：2.00）A.disbelieves his ability to make wise decisionsB.lacks self-confidence when making decisionsC.is more likely to make unfavorable decisionsD.is skeptical of human nature and motives(3
49、).The text shows that in making a decision, an optimistic person_.（分数：2.00）A.neglects taking all factors into considerationB.ignores possible flaws in whatever he thinksC.disregards unfavorable factors deliberatelyD.is more likely to make unnecessary errors(4).The author argues that an arrogant person_.（分数：2.00）A.is ready
