1、专业英语八级22及答案解析 (总分：76.99，做题时间：120分钟)一、PART I LISTENING (总题数：1，分数：1.00) The Rise of RP Historical reasons Received pronunciation was originally associated with a【1】spoken in the region between central England and London, including Oxford and Cambridge. Its survival was due to its use by the【2】in the 1
2、4th century and by university students in the【3】Ages. Its rise in importance resulted from its application in government and official documents. The prestige of its【4】pattern of pronunciation came about with its use in【5】schools in the 19th century. As a result, its【6】is accepted by television and t
3、he radio, the professions and teaching English as a foreign language. Three characteristics of RP 1) its speakers dont regard themselves as connected with any geographical region; 2) RP is largely used in England; 3) RP is a class accent, associated with【7】social classes. Its present status Decline
4、in the prestige of RP is the result of a) loss of monopoly of education by the privileged; b) 【8】 of high education in the post-war period. However, it still retains its eminence among certain professional people. There is a rise in the status of all【9】accents. We are moving towards the【10】position:
5、 general acceptance of all regional accents and absence of a class accent that transcends all regions. （分数：1.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_二、SECTION B INTERVI(总题数：1，分数：1.00)(1).The man sounds surprised at the fact that（分数：0.20）A.many Australians are taking time off t
6、o travel.B.the woman worked for some time in New Zealand.C.the woman raised enough money for travel.D.Australians prefer to work in New Zealand.(2).We learn that the woman liked Singapore mainly because of its（分数：0.20）A.cleanness.B.multi-ethnicity.C.modern characteristics.D.shopping opportunities.(3
7、).From the conversation we can infer that Kaifeng and Yinchuan impressed the woman with their（分数：0.20）A.respective locations.B.historic interests.C.ancient tombs.D.Jewish descendants.(4).Which of the following words can best describe the womans feelings about Tibet?（分数：0.20）A.Amusement.B.Disbelief.C
8、.Ecstasy.D.Delight.(5).According to the conversation, it was traveling that made the woman ready to stop（分数：0.20）A.the unsettledness of travel.B.the difficulties of trekking.C.the loneliness of travel.D.the unfamiliar environment.三、SECTION C NEWS BR(总题数：2，分数：1.00)1.Senator Bob Doles attitude towards
9、 Clintons anti-crime policy is that of （分数：0.50）A.opposition.B.support.C.ambiguity.D.indifference.(1).The trade dispute between the European Union and the US was caused by （分数：0.25）A.US refusal to accept arbitration by WTO.B.US imposing tariffs on European steel.C.US refusal to pay compensation to E
10、U.D.US refusal to lower import duties on EU products.(2).Who will be consulted first before the EU list is submitted to WTO?（分数：0.25）A.EU member states.B.The United States.C.WTO.D.The steel corporations.四、PART II GENERAL K(总题数：10，分数：10.00)2. Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of th
11、e British settlers?（分数：1.00）A.The Aborigines.B.The Maori.C.The Indians.D.The Eskimos.3. Syntax is the study of_.（分数：1.00）A.language functions.B.sentence structures.C.textual organization.D.word formation.4. _is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen lines. _.（分数：1
12、.00）A.Free verseB.SonnetC.OdeD.Epigram5. Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U. S. ?（分数：1.00）A.Huston.B.Boston.C.Baltimore.D.Philadelphia.6. The President during the American Civil War was_.（分数：1.00）A.Andrew Jackson.B.Abraham Lincoln.C.Thomas Jefferson.D.George Washington.
13、7. Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20th century?（分数：1.00）A.T.S.Eliot.B.D. H.Lawrence.C.Theodore Dreiser.D.James Joyce.8. _is the capital city of Canada.（分数：1.00）A.VancouverB.OttawaC.MontrealD.York9. The novel Emma is written by_.（分数：1.00）A.Mary Shelley.B.Charlotte Bronte.C.Elizabeth
14、C. Gaskell.D.Jane Austen.10. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of_.（分数：1.00）A.reference.B.meaning.C.antonymy.D.context.11. Which of the following is NOT a romantic poet?（分数：1.00）A.William Wordsworth.B.George Elliot.C.George G. Byron.D.Percy B. Shelley.五、PART III R
15、EADING (总题数：4，分数：4.00)Campaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors
16、down which fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment. Except at harvest-time, when self-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tribes are always engaged in priva
17、te or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sun-baked clay, but with battlements, turrets, loopholes, drawbridges, etc, complete. Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; ev
18、ery clan, its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honor has
19、been established and is on the whole faithfully observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest technical slip would, however, be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and his valleys, nourished alike
20、 by endless sunshine and abundant water, are fertile enough to yield with little labor the modest material requirements of a sparse population. Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the
21、 second, an unmitigated nuisance. The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in
22、 ones own house and fire at ones neighbor nearly a mile away. One could lie in wait on some high crag, and at hitherto unheard-of ranges hit a horseman far below. Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for these glori
23、ous products of science. Rifle-thieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced. T
24、he action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing, advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back ( which after all wa
25、s no more than fair) ,but a whole series of subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had sim
26、ply come, had a fight and then gone away again. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the butcher and bolt policy to which the Government of India long adhered. But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys, and in
27、 particular the great road to Chitral. They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it went. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the r
28、oad people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source. （分数：1.00）(1). The word debts in very few debts are left unpaid in the first paragraph
29、means_.（分数：0.20）A.loans.B.accounts.C.killings.D.bargains.(2). Which of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?（分数：0.20）A.Melting snows.B.Large population.C.Steep hillsides.D.Fertile valleys.(3). According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed_.（分数：0.20）A.the intr
30、oduction of the rifle.B.the spread of British rule.C.the extension of luxuries.D.the spread of trade.(4). Building roads by the British_.（分数：0.20）A.put an end to a whole series of quarrels.B.prevented the Pathans from carrying on feuds.C.lessened the subsidies paid to the Pathans.D.gave the Pathans
31、a much quieter life.(5). A suitable title for the passage would be_.（分数：0.20）A.Campaigning on the Indian frontier.B.Why the Pathans resented the British rule.C.The popularity of rifles among the Pathans.D.The Pathans at war.The Historical Background of Social Psychology While the roots of social psy
32、chology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western tradition, its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon. One reason for the striking upsurge of social psychology in the United States lies in the pragmatic tradition of this country. National emergencie
33、s and conditions of social disruption provide special incentive to invent new techniques, and to strike out boldly for solutions to practical social problems. Social psychology began to flourish soon after the First World War. This event, followed by the great depression of the 1930s, by the rise of
34、 Hitler, the genocide of Jews, race riots, the Second World War and the atomic threat, stimulated all branches of social science. A special challenge fell to social psychology. The question was asked: How is it possible to preserve the values of freedom and individual rights under condition of mount
35、ing social strain and regimentation? Can science help provide an answer? This challenging question led to a burst of creative effort that added much to our understanding of the phenomena of leadership, public opinion, rumor, propaganda, prejudice, attitude change, morale, communication, decision-mak
36、ing, race relations, and conflicts of war. Reviewing the decade that followed World War , Cartwright 1961 speaks of the excitement and optimism of American social psychologists, and notes the tremendous increase in the total number of people calling themselves social psychologists. Most of these, we
37、 may add, show little awareness of the history of their field. Practical and humanitarian motives have always played an important part in the development of social psychology, not only in America but in other lands as well. Yet there have been discordant and dissenting voices, in the opinion of Herb
38、ert Spencer in England, of Ludwig Gumplowicz in Austria, and of William Graham Sumner in the United States, it is both futile and dangerous for man to attempt to steer or to speed social change. Social evolution, they argue, requires time and obeys laws beyond the control of man. The only practical
39、service of social science is to warn man not to interfere with the course of nature (or society). But these authors are in a minority. Most social psychologists share with Comte an optimistic view of mans chances to better his way of life. Has he not already improved his health via biological scienc
40、es? Why should he not better his social relationships via social sciences? For the past century this optimistic outlook has persisted in the face of slender accomplishment to date. Human relations seem stubbornly set. Wars have not been abolished, labor troubles have not abated, and racial tensions
41、are still with us. Give us time and give us money for research, the optimists say. （分数：0.99）(1).Social psychology developed in the USA（分数：0.33）A.because its roots are intellectually western in origin.B.as a direct response to the great depression.C.to meet the threat of Adolf Hitler and his policy o
42、f mass genocide.D.because of its pragmatic traditions for dealing with social problems.(2).According to the author, social psychology should help man to（分数：0.33）A.preserve individual rights.B.become healthier.C.be aware of history.D.improve material welfare.(3).Who believed that man can influence so
43、cial change for the good of society?（分数：0.33）A.Cartwright.B.Spencer.C.Sumner.D.Comte.Etiquette In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middl
44、e classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life. Every code of etiquette has cont
45、ained three elements; basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance. In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Am
46、ong the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents presence without asking permission. Practical ru
47、les are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot. Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious
