1、专业英语八级8及答案解析 (总分：76.99，做题时间：120分钟)一、PART I LISTENING (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Marslows Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow has developed a famous theory of human needs, which can be arranged in order of importance. Physiological needs: the most【1】ones for survival. They include such needs as food, water, etc. A
2、nd there is usually one way to satisfy these needs. 【2】needs: needs for a) physical security; b)【3】security. The former means no illness or injury, while the latter is concerned with freedom from【4】, misfortunes, etc. These needs can be met through a variety of means, e. g. job security,【5】plans, an
3、d safe working conditions. Social needs: human requirements for a) love and affection; b) a sense of belonging. There are two ways to satisfy these needs: a) formation of relationships at workplace; b) formation of relationships outside workplace. Esteem needs: a) self-esteem, i. e. ones sense of ac
4、hievement; b) esteem of others, i.e. others respect as a result of ones【6】These needs can be fulfilled by achievement, promotion, honours, etc. Self-realization needs: need to realize ones potential. Ways to realize these needs are individually【7】. Features of the hierarchy of needs: a) Social, este
5、em and self-realization needs are exclusively【8】need. b) Needs are satisfied in a fixed order from the bottom up. c)【9】for needs comes from the lowest un-met level, d) Different levels of needs may【10】when they come into play. （分数：1.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_二、SE
6、CTION B INTERVI(总题数：1，分数：1.00)(1).In the first incident, the couple had planned to spend their weekend together_.（分数：0.20）A.in BostonB.in New YorkC.in OsloD.in Washington(2).The couple foiled to meet each other as previously arranged due to_.（分数：0.20）A.the wifes early arrivalB.the husbands late arri
7、valC.a computer errorD.the receptionists negligence(3).The 100-page-long leaflet the man speaker got at Oslo Airport contains_.（分数：0.20）A.funny information about restaurantsB.quite boring information about restaurantsC.totally useless information about restaurantsD.insufficient information about res
8、taurants(4).The suitcase of the woman speakers colleague was blown up by the security police probably because（分数：0.20）A.it failed to pass the security checkB.it was suspected of containing a bombC.it contained dirty disease-carrying clothesD.it was suspected of containing smuggled goods(5).After fin
9、ally boarding the faulty plane in the Far East, the passengers all felt_.（分数：0.20）A.nervous and worriedB.sorry but helplessC.sick and scaredD.cheated and angry三、SECTION C NEWS BR(总题数：2，分数：1.00)1.Senator Bob Doles attitude towards Clintons anti-crime policy is that of （分数：0.50）A.opposition.B.support.
10、C.ambiguity.D.indifference.(1)._ civilians have been killed by Iraqi insurgents since Prime Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari announced his Cabinet five weeks ago.（分数：0.25）A.28B.38C.700D.814(2).According to the news item, the suicide car bombing in Tuz Khormato, was aimed at_.（分数：0.25）A.a convoy of civili
11、an contract workersB.bodyguards for Iraqs Kurdish deputy prime ministerC.Prime Minister Ibrahim al-JaafariD.the innocent market-shoppers四、PART II GENERAL K(总题数：10，分数：10.00)2. _is the capital city of Canada.（分数：1.00）A.VancouverB.OttawaC.MontrealD.York3. _is defined as an expression of human emotion w
12、hich is condensed into fourteen lines. _.（分数：1.00）A.Free verseB.SonnetC.OdeD.Epigram4. Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers?（分数：1.00）A.The Aborigines.B.The Maori.C.The Indians.D.The Eskimos.5. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human langua
13、ge?（分数：1.00）A.Arbitrariness.B.Productivity.C.Cultural transmission.D.Finiteness.6. Which of the following is NOT a romantic poet?（分数：1.00）A.William Wordsworth.B.George Elliot.C.George G. Byron.D.Percy B. Shelley.7. The speech act theory was first put forward by_.（分数：1.00）A.John Searle.B.John Austin.
14、C.Noam Chomsky.D.M. A. K. Halliday.8. The distinction between parole and langue was made by_.（分数：1.00）A.Halliday.B.Chomsky.C.Bloomfield.D.Saussure.9. The President during the American Civil War was_.（分数：1.00）A.Andrew Jackson.B.Abraham Lincoln.C.Thomas Jefferson.D.George Washington.10. _is the state
15、church in England.（分数：1.00）A.The Roman Catholic ChurchB.The Baptist ChurchC.The Protestant ChurchD.The Church of England11. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of_.（分数：1.00）A.the Shadow Cabinet.B.the Parliament.C.the Opposition.D.the Cabinet.五、PART III READING (总题数：4，分数：4.00)Campaigning on the Ind
16、ian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down which fierce snow-fed torrents foam und
17、er skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment. Except at harvest-time, when self-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tribes are always engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a
18、politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sun-baked clay, but with battlements, turrets, loopholes, drawbridges, etc, complete. Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan, its feud. The numerous tribes and
19、combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honor has been established and is on the whole faithfu
20、lly observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest technical slip would, however, be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and his valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water, are
21、 fertile enough to yield with little labor the modest material requirements of a sparse population. Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second, an unmitigated nuisance. The conven
22、ience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in ones own house and fire at ones neighbor ne
23、arly a mile away. One could lie in wait on some high crag, and at hitherto unheard-of ranges hit a horseman far below. Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for these glorious products of science. Rifle-thieves scour
24、ed all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced. The action of the British Government on the o
25、ther hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing, advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back ( which after all was no more than fair) ,but a whole series of
26、subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come, had a fight and then gone away aga
27、in. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the butcher and bolt policy to which the Government of India long adhered. But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys, and in particular the great road to Chitral. They
28、sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it went. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not
29、to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source. （分数：1.00）(1). The word debts in very few debts are left unpaid in the first paragraph means_.（分数：0.20）A.loans.B.accounts.C.killing
30、s.D.bargains.(2). Which of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?（分数：0.20）A.Melting snows.B.Large population.C.Steep hillsides.D.Fertile valleys.(3). According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed_.（分数：0.20）A.the introduction of the rifle.B.the spread of Britis
31、h rule.C.the extension of luxuries.D.the spread of trade.(4). Building roads by the British_.（分数：0.20）A.put an end to a whole series of quarrels.B.prevented the Pathans from carrying on feuds.C.lessened the subsidies paid to the Pathans.D.gave the Pathans a much quieter life.(5). A suitable title fo
32、r the passage would be_.（分数：0.20）A.Campaigning on the Indian frontier.B.Why the Pathans resented the British rule.C.The popularity of rifles among the Pathans.D.The Pathans at war.Social change is more likely to occur in heterogeneous societies than in homogeneous ones, simply because there are more
33、 diverse points of view available in the former. There are more ideas, more conflicts of interest, and more groups and organizations of different persuasions. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and tolerance in heterogeneous societies. All these factors tend to promote social c
34、hange by opening more areas of life to decision rather than subjecting them to authority. In a quite homogeneous society, there are fewer occasions for people to perceive the need or the opportunity for change, because everything seems to be the same and, if not satisfactory, at least customary and
35、undisputed. Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily (1) in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; (2) in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; (
36、3) in the less basic, less emotional, or less sacred aspects of society than in their opposites, like religion or a system of prestige; (4) in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; (5) in form rather than in substance; and (6) in elements congenial to the culture rather than in strang
37、e elements. Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,
38、because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the passage, the main difference between a homogeneous society and a heterogeneous one lies in（分数：0.50）A.the number of opportunities offeredB.the nature of conflicts of interest.C.the a
39、wareness of the need for change.D.the role of social organizations.(2).The author would most probably agree that changes are more likely to be successful in（分数：0.50）A.production methods.B.ideological concepts.C.religious beliefs.D.social behaviour.The biggest problem facing Chile as it promotes itse
40、lf as a tourist destination to be reckoned with, is that it is at the end of the earth. It is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is much farther than a relatively cheap half-days flight away from the big tourist markets, unlike Mexico, for example. Chile, therefore
41、, is having to fight hard to attract tourists, to convince travelers that it is worth coming halfway round the world to visit. But it is succeeding, not only in existing markets like the USA and Western Europe but in new territories, in particular the Far East. Markets closer to home, however, are n
42、ot being forgotten. More than 50% of visitors to Chile still come from its nearest neighbor, Argentina, where the cost of living is much higher. Like all South American countries, Chile sees tourism as a valuable earner of foreign currency, although it has been far more serious than most in promotin
43、g its image abroad. Relatively stable politically within the region, it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas. In Peru, guerrilla warfare in recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime in Brazil has reduced the attraction of Rio de Janeiro a
44、s a dream destination for foreigners. More than 150,000 people are directly involved in Chiles tourist sector, an industry which earns the country more than US $ 950 million each year. The state-run National Tourism Service, in partnership with a number of private companies, is currently running a w
45、orldwide campaign, taking part in trade fairs and international events to attract visitors to Chile. Chiles great strength as a tourist destination is its geographical diversity. From the parched Atacama Desert in the north to the Antarctic snowfields of the south, it is more than 5,000km long. With
46、 the Pacific on one side and the Andean mountains on the other, Chile boasts natural attractions. Its beaches are not up to Caribbean standards but resorts such as Vina del Mar are generally clean and unspoilt and have a high standard of services. But the trump card is the Andes mountain range. Ther
47、e are a number of excellent ski resorts within one hours drive of the capital, Santiago, and the national parks in the south are home to rare animal and plant species. The parks already attract specialist visitors, including mountaineers, who come to climb the technically difficult peaks, and fishermen, lured by the salmon and trout in the regions rivers. However, infrastructural development in these areas is limited. The ski resorts do not
