1、专业英语四级分类模拟311及答案解析 (总分：104.95，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART DICTATION(总题数：1，分数：10.00)1.Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings,
2、 the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again, and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given ONE minute to check through your work once more. （分数：10.00）_二、PART CLOZE(总题数：
3、1，分数：25.00)Aprincipal Blubricating Cyield DCrude Esubstitute Fcollecting Gsurplus Himpractical Ismelting Jgathering Kproduce Lrivaled Mcompeted Npetroleum OCoarse An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil War. 1 oil, or petroleum, a dark, thick ooze from the earth had been known
4、for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it. In the l850s, Samuel M. Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began 2 the oil and refining it into kerosene. Refining, like 3 , is a process of removing impurities from a raw material. Kerosene was used to light lamps. It was a
5、cheap 4 for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get. Soon there was a large demand for kerosene. People began to search for new supplies of 5 . The first oil well was drilled by E. L. Drake, a retired railroad conductor. In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The whole venture of
6、 drilling seemed so 6 and foolish that onlookers called it Drakes Folly. But when he had drilled down about 70 feet (21 meters), Drake struck oil. His well began to 7 20 barrels of crude oil a day. News of Drakes success brought oil prospectors to the scene. By the early 1860s these wildcatters were
7、 drilling for black gold all over western Pennsylvania. The boom 8 the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere. And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush. Petroleum could be refined into many products. For some years kerosene continued to be
8、 the 9 one. It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door. In the 1880s and 1890s refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and 10 oil. Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.（分数：25.00）三、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：50.00)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUEST
9、IONS PASSAGE ONE Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a virtual or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners. With virtual reality well be able to put a sur
10、geon in every trench, said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers. The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual rea
11、lity helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier. Although Satavas vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward
12、virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perfo
13、rm the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound. These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, s
14、urgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a pro
15、be to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patients brain taken before surgery. During these proceduresoperations that are done through small cuts i
16、n the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuveredsurgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can. Satava says, We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medi
17、cine. PASSAGE TWO Tourism develops culture. It broadens the thinking of the traveler and leads to culture contact between the hosts and guests from far-off places. This can benefit the locals, since tourists bring culture with them. Tourism may help to preserve indigenous customs, as when traditiona
18、l shows, parades, celebrations and festivals are put on for tourists. The musicals, plays and serious drama of London theatres and other kinds of nightlife are largely supported by tourists. Such events might disappear without the stimulus of tourism to maintain them. On the other hand, tourism ofte
19、n contributes to the disappearance of local radiations and folklore. Churches, temples and similar places of worship are treated as tourist attractions. This can be at the expense of their original function: how many believers want to worship in the middle of a flow of atheist invaders? Who would wa
20、nt to pray while curious onlookers shuffle to and fro with guide books, rather than prayer books, in their hands? Tourism may bring other indirect cultural consequences in its wake. Tensions which already exist between ancient and more modem ways may be deepened by tourists ignorance of local custom
21、s and beliefs. Tourists, if not actually richer, often seem more well-off than natives. The former may therefore feel superior, leaving the latter embarrassed about their lifestyles. The result maybe an inferior feeling which hardly helps the sense of identity which is so important to regional cultu
22、re. The poverty of a locality can look even worse when contrasted with the comfortable hotel environment where the average life expectancy is 75 years, may well generate resentment in Sierra Leone, where the local population can expect to live to no more than 41 years. The relative prosperity of tou
23、rists may encourage crime. In Gambia, unemployed young people offer to act as professional friendguides, companions or sexual partners in return for money. When the tourism season is over they can no longer get wages that way so they turn to petty stealing from the local populace. All this affects t
24、he local social life and culture adversely. Culture erosion can also take place at more subtle levels. Greek villagers traditionally prided themselves on their hospitality. They would put up travelers for free, feeding them and listening to their stories. To take money would have been a disgrace. Th
25、at has changed now. Tourists exist to be exploited. Perhaps this is hardly surprising if the earnings from one room rented to a tourist can exceed a teachers monthly salary. PASSAGE THREE During the holiday I received no letter from Myrtle and when I returned to the town she had gone away. I telepho
26、ned each day until she came back, and then she said she was going to a party. I put up with her new tactics patiently. The next time we spent an evening together there was no quarrel. To avoid it I took Myrtle to the cinema. We did not mention Haxby. On the other hand it was impossible to pretend th
27、at either of us was happy. Myrtles expression of unhappiness was deepening. Day by day I watched her sink into a bout of despair, and I concluded it was my fault had I not concluded it was my fault, the looks Myrtle gave me would rapidly have concluded it for me. The topic of conversation we avoided
28、 above all others was the project of going to America. I cursed the tactlessness of Robert and Tom in talking about it in front of her before I had had time to prepare her for it. I felt aggrieved, as one does after doing wrong and being found out. I did not know what to do. When you go to the theat
29、re you see a number of characters caught in a dramatic situation. What happens next? They usually do something and then everything is changed. My life is different. I never have scenes, and if I do, they are discouragingly not dramatic. Practically no action arises. And nothing whatsoever is changed
30、. My life is not as good as a play. Nothing like it. All I did with my present situation was try and tide it over. When Myrtle emerged from the deepest blackness of despairnobody after all, could remain there definitelyI tried to comfort her. I gradually unfolded all my plan, including those for her
31、. She could come to America, too. She was a commercial artist. She could get a job and our relationship could continue as it was. And I will not swear that I did not think: And in America she might even succeed in marrying me. It produced no effect. She began to drink more. She began to go to partie
32、s very frequently; it was very soon clear that she had decided to see less of me. I do not blame Myrtle. Had I been in her place I would have tried to do the same thing. Being in my place I tried to prevent her. I knew what sort of parties she was going to: they were parties at which Haxby was prese
33、nt. We began to wrangle over going out with each other. She was never free at the times I suggested. Sometimes, usually on a Saturday night, she first arranged to meet me and then changed her mind. I called that rubbing it in a little too far. But her behavior, I repeat, perfectly sensible. By seein
34、g less of me she stood a chance of finding somebody else, or of making me jealous, or of both. Either way she could not lose. PASSAGE FOUR It was the spring of 1985, and President Reagan had just given Mother Teresa the Medal of Freedom in a Rose Garden ceremony. As she left, she walked down the cor
35、ridor between the Oval Office and the West Wing drive, and there she was, turning my way. What a sight: a saint in a sari coming down the White House hall. As she came nearer, I could not help it: I bowed. Mother, I said, I just want to touch your hand. She looked up at meit may have been one of God
36、s subtle jokes that his exalted child spent her life looking up to everyone elseand said only two words. Later I would realize that they were the message of her mission. Lull Gott, she said. Love God. She pressed into my hand a poem she had written, as she glided away in a swoosh of habit. I took th
37、e poem from its frame the day she died. It is free verse, 79 lines, and is called Mothers Meditation (in the Hospital). In it she reflects on Christs question to his apostles: Who do you say I am? She notes that he was the boy born in Bethlehem, put in the manager full of straw.kept warm by the brea
38、th of the donkey, who grew up to be an ordinary man without much learning. Donkeys are not noble; straw is common; and it was among the ordinary and ignoble, the poor and sick, that she chose to labor. Her mission was for them and among them, and you have to be a pretty tough character to organize a
39、 little universe that exists to help people others arent interested in helping. Thats how she struck me when I met her as I watched her life. She was tough. There was the worn and weathered face, the abrupt and definite speech. We think saints are great organizers, great operators, and great combata
40、nts in the world. Once I saw her in a breathtaking act of courage. She was the speaker at the National Prayer Breakfast in Washington in 1995. All the Washington Establishment was there, plus a few thousand born-again Christians, orthodox Catholics and Jews, and searchers looking for a faith. Mother
41、 Teresa was introduced, and she spoke of God, of love, of families. She said we must love one another and care for one another. There were great purrs of agreement. But as the speech continued it became more pointed. She asked, Do you do enough to make sure your parents, in the old peoples homes, fe
42、el your love? Do you bring them each day your joy and caring? The baby boomers in the audience began to shift in their seats. And she continued. I feel that the greatest destroyer of peace today is abortion, she said, and then she told them why, in uncompromising term. For about 1.3 seconds there wa
43、s complete silence, then applause built and swept across the room. But not everyone: the President and the First Lady, the Vice President and Mrs. Gore, looked like seated statues at Madame Tussauds, glistening in the lights and moving not a muscle. She didnt stop there either, but went on to explai
44、n why artificial birth control is bad and why protestants who separate faith from works are making a mistake. When she was finished, there was almost no one she hadnt offended. A US senator turned to his wife and said, Is my jaw up yet? Talk about speaking truth to power! But Mother Teresa didnt car
45、e, and she wasnt afraid. The poem she gave me included her personal answers to Christs questions. She said he is the Truth to be told. the Way to be walked. the Light to be lit. She took her own advice and lived a whole life that showed it.（分数：49.95）(1).According to Richard Satava, the application o
46、f virtual reality to medicine -|_|- (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：3.33）A.will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefield.B.can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefield.C.will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefield.D.can shorten the time for operations on soldiers
47、 wounded on the battlefield.(2).Richard Satava has visions of -|_|- (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：3.33）A.using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas.B.wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield.C.wounded soldiers being operated on b
48、y specially trained surgeons.D.setting up mobile surgical units overseas.(3).Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they -|_|- (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：3.33）A.cause less pain to the wounded.B.allow the patient to recover more quickly.C.will make human surgeons work less tedious.D.are done by robot surgeons with greater precision.(4).Comfortable hotel environment may make -|_|- (PASSAGE TWO)（分数：3.33）A.natives feel good.B.locality looks prosperous.C.tourists
