1、Guidance Notes on Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles GUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES NOVEMBER 2016 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 2016 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved. ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston
2、, TX 77060 USA Foreword Foreword Suitable means of access to structures is required for surveys to be carried out safely, effectively and efficiently. Surveyors use a combination of permanent and alternative means of access (e.g. staging, scaffolding, rafting, and rope access) in order to conduct cl
3、ass surveys. Remote inspection techniques are considered as additional alternative means of access that reduce the safety risks to the Surveyor. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), as a remote inspection technique, allows the attending Surveyor to evaluate the condition of the structure from a stationa
4、ry location. This technique also provides a benefit to the asset Owner/Operator by reducing operational intrusiveness. These Guidance Notes are intended to provide best practices for class surveys and non-class inspections carried out using UAVs. These best practices include recommendations and guid
5、ance on applications of UAVs, qualification and proficiency of the Service Provider, operation and data handling, intended to facilitate a safer, more effective and efficient survey. IACS Recommendations No. 42, Guidelines for Use of Remote Inspection Techniques for Surveys, has been considered in t
6、he development of these Guidance Notes. These Guidance Notes become effective on the first day of the month of publication. Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this version of these Guidance Notes is the most current. We welcome your feedback. Comm
7、ents or suggestions can be sent electronically by email to rsdeagle.org. Terms of Use The information presented herein is intended solely to assist the reader in the methodologies and/or techniques discussed. These Guidance Notes do not and cannot replace the analysis and/or advice of a qualified pr
8、ofessional. It is the responsibility of the reader to perform their own assessment and obtain professional advice. Information contained herein is considered to be pertinent at the time of publication, but may be invalidated as a result of subsequent legislations, regulations, standards, methods, an
9、d/or more updated information and the reader assumes full responsibility for compliance. This publication may not be copied or redistributed in part or in whole without prior written consent from ABS. ii ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2016 Table of Contents GUIDANCE NOTES ON US
10、ING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES CONTENTS SECTION 1 Introduction 1 1 General . 1 3 Scope 1 5 Terminology and Abbreviations 1 SECTION 2 Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles . 3 1 General . 3 3 Application to Class Survey 3 5 Roles of Asset Owner/Operator, Service Provider, and ABS . 3 TABLE 1 Roles an
11、d Responsibilities 4 SECTION 3 Qualification of Service Providers 5 1 General . 5 3 Regulations . 5 5 Quality Management System 5 5.1 Equipment . 5 5.3 Personnel 7 5.5 Documentation 8 7 Safety Management System . 8 7.1 Safety Policy 8 7.3 Safety Risk Management 9 7.5 Safety Assurance 9 7.7 Safety Pr
12、omotion . 9 9 Liability 9 11 ABS Recognized External Specialist Program . 9 SECTION 4 Survey Process 11 1 General . 11 3 Condition . 11 5 Survey Planning 11 5.1 Scope and Requirement 11 5.3 Risk Assessment . 12 5.5 Flight Plan . 13 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2016 iii 7 Flig
13、ht Operation 14 7.1 Pre-flight 14 7.3 In-Flight 14 7.5 Post-flight . 14 9 Data Review 15 11 Reporting . 15 SECTION 5 Data 16 1 General . 16 3 Data Acquisition 16 5 Post-Analysis Data 16 7 Data Security. 16 APPENDIX 1 References 18 iv ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2016 Section
14、1: Introduction SECTION 1 Introduction 1 General An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft with no pilot on board that is controlled remotely or able to fly autonomously based on a pre-defined flight route and/or dynamic automation systems. These Guidance Notes provide best practice recommenda
15、tions on the use of UAVs to facilitate a safer, more effective, and efficient inspection. 3 Scope The purpose of these Guidance Notes is to provide information related to the use of UAVs in conjunction with class surveys and to provide guidance to the marine and offshore industries on non-class rela
16、ted UAV inspections. If the application of UAVs is used in conjunction with class related activities, inspection by way of UAVs is considered as an alternative remote inspection technique to assist the attending Surveyor in performing an examination of hard to reach structures. The acceptance of the
17、 inspection results is at the discretion of the attending Surveyor. If the attending Surveyor is not satisfied with the results provided by the UAV inspection, additional inspection using alternative or traditional inspection techniques may be required. For non-class related inspections, recommendat
18、ions on selecting a qualified Service Provider, conducting flight operation and handling data should also be considered to allow for a safer, more effective, and efficient inspection. These Guidance Notes are intended for pilot-operated UAV applications only. These Guidance Notes cover: Applications
19、 of UAVs (Section 2) Qualification of Service Providers (Section 3) Survey Process (Section 4) Data (Section 5) IACS Recommendations No. 42, Guidelines for Use of Remote Inspection Techniques for Surveys, were considered in the development of these Guidance Notes. 5 Terminology and Abbreviations ABS
20、 Recognized External Specialist Program: A program that ABS administers to certify service suppliers who perform services on behalf of an equipment manufacturer, shipyard, vessels owner or other clients in connection with classification and/or statutory services. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA): The
21、statutory corporation that oversees and regulates all aspects of civil aviation in the United Kingdom. Use of UAVs within the United Kingdom is subject to CAA regulations. Close-up Survey: A survey where details of structural components are within close visual inspection range of the Surveyor (i.e.,
22、 normally within hands reach), which is defined in the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels (SVR). A Close-up Survey may be referred by the offshore industry as “Close Visual Inspection” (CVI), which is defined in the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (M
23、ODU Rules). ESP: Enhanced Survey Program. ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2016 1 Section 1 Introduction Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): The national aviation authority of the United States, with powers to regulate all aspects of American civil aviation. Use of UAVs within
24、 the United States is subject to FAA regulations. Hazardous Areas: In the context of these Guidance Notes, areas where flammable or explosive gases, vapors, or dust are normally present or likely to be present. Hazardous Area Plan: An arrangement plan clearly indicating the hazardous areas with clas
25、sification levels. It may be referred to as “Area Classification Plan” by the industry. Job Safety Analysis (JSA): A technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards. It focuses on the relationship between workers, tasks, tools, and work environment. It also includes steps to elimina
26、te or reduce the hazards to an acceptable regime. Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM): In the context of these Guidance Notes, an original UAV equipment manufacturer. Overall Survey: A survey intended to report on the overall condition of the structure and to determine the extent of additional Clo
27、se-up Surveys, which is defined in the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels (SVR). An Overall Survey may be referred to by the offshore industry as “General Visual Inspection” (GVI), which is defined in the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODU Rules).
28、 Payload: The carrying capacity of a UAV in terms of weight. It normally refers to the reserved lifting ability of the UAV to perform additional operational missions excluding the basic systems required for flying. Pilot: An operator who directly controls the flight of the UAV. Payload Operator: An
29、operator who directly controls the onboard modules of the UAV solely. Personal Protection Equipment (PPE): Protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the person from an injury or hazard. Quality Management System (QMS): A set of policies, processes and
30、procedures required for planning and execution (production/development/service) in the core business area of an organization. Safety Management System (SMS): A systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies, and procedures. Safet
31、y Risk Management (SRM): A key component of the SMS, meant to determine the need for, and adequacy of, new or revised risk controls based on the assessment of acceptable risk. Safety Assurance (SA): A key component of the SMS, meant to evaluate the continued effectiveness of applied risk control str
32、ategies and supports the identification of new hazards. Service Provider: A company which provides specialized inspection services using UAVs. SOLAS: International Conventions for the Safety of Life at Sea. Standard Operation Procedure (SOP): a set of step-by-step instructions created by the organiz
33、ation to assist workers in carrying out routine operations. Survey Planning Document: A document prepared by the Owner/Operator to support the survey pre-planning requirements for carrying out ABS surveys. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): An aircraft with no pilot on board that is controlled remotely
34、or able to fly autonomously based on a pre-defined flight route and/or dynamic automation systems. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles may be referred to by the industry as “drones” or Remotely Operated Aerial Vehicles (ROAVs). UAV is also referred to as Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), a system which comprises
35、 of the unmanned aircraft (i.e., UAV) and its associated ground control station, data links, and other support equipment. In these Guidance Notes, UAV is intended for remote-controlled vehicles only. 2 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2016 Section 2: Application of Unmanned Aeria
36、l Vehicles SECTION 2 Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 1 General UAVs are typically equipped with camera and flight control modules that are capable of collecting visual data in the form of still image, live-stream video, and recorded video of difficult to reach structures. Application of UAVs
37、 may be considered in the following cases to reduce operational intrusiveness: i) Avoid Working at Heights: UAVs can reduce or remove the need for personnel working at heights through conventional means of access (e.g., staging, scaffolding, rafting, etc.). ii) Preliminary Condition Assessment: UAVs
38、 can be used as a screening tool to quickly collect visual data at specified locations for preliminary condition assessments. iii) Known Condition Assessment Monitoring: UAVs can be used to periodically monitor temporary repairs that are in hard to reach areas. Additionally, known damage that does n
39、ot require immediate repair can be monitored through photographic evidence or other data analysis collected by UAVs. It is noted that UAVs are an evolving technology. Additional applications for the use of UAVs may become available in the future. 3 Application to Class Survey UAVs are a tool to assi
40、st the attending Surveyor with class related activities where visual examination of the structure is required. The acceptance of the inspection results is at the discretion of the attending Surveyor. If the attending Surveyor is not satisfied with the inspection results provided by the UAV, alternat
41、ive or traditional survey techniques may be required. Compliance with Regulatory requirements, in particular SOLAS and the ESP Code also need to be considered. Conditions for using UAVs to assist class related activities are discussed in Section 4. 5 Roles of Asset Owner/Operator, Service Provider,
42、and ABS The use of UAVs requires cooperation from all parties. The roles and responsibilities of the main parties are summarized in Table 1. ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2016 3 Section 2 Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles TABLE 1 Roles and Responsibilities Activity Role
43、of Owner/Operator Role of Service Provider Role of ABS Planning Determine if the use of a UAV is appropriate Select the UAV Service Provider Provide supporting information to the Service Provider about the asset condition and drawings related to the work scope Review and accept UAV inspection plan p
44、roposed by the Service Provider Provide Survey Planning Documentation, with inspection plan incorporated, to the attending Surveyor if the UAV application is in conjunction with class related activities Coordinate logistical aspects of the inspection, such as obtaining work/site permit, onboarding c
45、rews, inspection preparation, etc. Develop inspection plan which includes, but is not limited to: Determining the appropriate type of UAV to be used Performing risk assessment and develop the UAV flight plan based on the work scope Review the proposed Survey Planning Document Operation Agree to insp
46、ection results Execute the UAV inspection Conduct class survey in compliance with applicable Rules, Guides, and organizational processes while employing the UAV as an inspection technique Reporting Review the inspection results provided by the Service Provider Provide inspection results and data to
47、the Owner/Operator and ABS, if applicable Review and evaluate the results furnished by the UAV Service Provider 4 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2016 Section 3: Qualification of Service Providers SECTION 3 Qualification of Service Providers 1 General When UAV inspection is used
48、, the asset Owner/Operator is responsible for selecting a UAV Service Provider whose qualifications and capabilities are appropriate for the intended application, to verify the inspection can be conducted safely, effectively, and efficiently. If the use of a UAV is in conjunction with crediting a su
49、rvey, the Service Provider is to be an ABS Recognized External Specialist. The following recommendations can be used as guidance for the Owner/Operator to assess the qualifications of the UAV Service Provider. 3 Regulations The UAV Service Provider should obtain all applicable certificates of authorization from national/local aviation authorities where the inspection is to be performed. Where no national/local requirement is applicable, it is recommended to follow the requirements implemented by the recognized aviation authorities (e.g., Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (
