1、cover_7054_AASHTO 10/17/05 11:09 PM Page i 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249Washing
2、ton, DC 20001P: 202-624-5800, F: 202-624-5806 faxwww.transportation.org 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ISBN: 1-56051-325-X Publication Code: GL-6 2005 by the American Association of Stat
3、e Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.AASHTO 20042005 Executive CommitteeVoting MembersOfficers:President: Harold E. Linnenkohl, GeorgiaVice President: David Sprynczynatyk, North DakotaSecretary-Treasurer: Larry M. King, Pennsylvania
4、Regional Representatives:REGION I: Dan Tangherlini, District of Columbia, One-Year TermJim Capaldi, Rhode Island, Two-Year TermREGION II: Harold Linnenkohl, Georgia, One-Year TermJoe McInnes, Alabama, Two-Year TermREGION III: Frank Busalacchi, Wisconsin, One-Year TermCarol Malnau, Minnesota, Two-Yea
5、r TermREGION IV: David Sprynczynatyk, North Dakota, One-Year TermVictor Mendez, Arizona, Two-Year TermNonvoting MembersImmediate Past President: Jack Lettiere, New JerseyAASHTO Executive Director: John Horsley, Washington, DCiii 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Of
6、ficials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ivTechnical Committee on Highway LightingChairman: Karl A. Burkett, P.E., TexasSecretary: Balu Ananthanarayanan, P.E., WisconsinCarl Andersen, FHWAStanley C. Biddick, P.E., AlabamaMike DeAngelo, New JerseyJon Dickinson, Nevada
7、Ernest Kim, P.E., OregonSusan Lodahl, P.E., MinnesotaJeff Unick, P.E., Pennsylvania 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vAASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Traffic EngineeringChair: Delbert McOmi
8、e Chair: VacantWyomingVice Chair: Thomas Hicks Secretary: Regina McElroyMaryland FHWALiaison: Ken KobetskyAASHTOState MemberAlabama Timothy C. Taylor, P.E.Alaska Kurtis J. Smith, P.E.Arizona Mike Manthey, P.E.Richard C. Moeur, P.E.Arkansas Eric PhillipsTony SullivanCalifornia Asif J. HaqKarla Sutlif
9、fColorado Gabriela VidalConnecticut John F. Carey, P.E.Delaware Donald D. Weber, P.E.District of Columbia Douglas E. Noble, P.E.Florida Lap Thong Hoang, P.E.Georgia Keith Golden, P.E.Hawaii Alvin TakeshitaIdaho Lance JohnsonIllinois Joseph S. HillIndiana Jim PoturalskiCarl T. TuttleIowa Timothy D. C
10、rouchKansas David A. Church, P.E.Kenneth F. Hurst, P.E.Kentucky Duane H. Thomas, P.E.Louisiana Charles Adams, P.E., PTOEMaine Bruce A. Ibarguen, III, P.E.Maryland Thomas Hicks, P.E.Massachusetts William BentMichigan Vacant 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official
11、s.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.viMinnesota Bernard J. ArseneauMississippi Wes DeanMissouri Eileen RackersMontana Duane Williams, P.E.Nebraska Randall D. PetersNevada Scott L. ThorsonNew Hampshire William LambertNew Jersey Douglas R. BartlettTimothy J. SzwedoNew M
12、exico VacantNew York Bruce W. Smith, P.E.North Carolina J. Kevin Lacy, P.E., CPMNorth Dakota Al CovlinOhio Dave HolsteinOklahoma Harold SmartOregon Edward L. Fischer, P.E., PTOEPennsylvania Glenn RowePuerto Rico Samuel ForestierRhode Island Robert Rocchio, P.E.South Carolina Richard B. WertsSouth Da
13、kota John Adler, P.E.Tennessee Don L. DahlingerGerald GregoryMichael L. TugwellTexas Margaret (Meg) A. MooreUtah Robert E. HullVermont VacantVirginia Raymond J. Khoury, P.E.Washington Theodore Trepanier, P.E.West Virginia Barry Warhoftig, P.E.Wisconsin David I. ViethWyoming Michael N. GostovichAssoc
14、iate MemberBridge, Port, and TollN.J. Turnpike Authority Robert F. DaleAssociate MemberCities and CountiesCity of Minneapolis Jon Wertjes 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Associate MemberF
15、ederalUSDA Forest Service John W. BellAssociate MemberInternationalManitoba Ben RogersNova Scotia Ralph HessianSaskatchewan Sukhy Kentvii 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.AASHTO Highway Su
16、bcommittee on DesignChair: Allen D. Biehler Vice Chair: Robert L. WaltersPennsylvania ArkansasSecretary: Dwight A. Horne Liaison: Jim McDonnellFHWA AASHTOState MemberAlabama Don T. Arkle, P.E.Steven E. Walker, P.E.Alaska Gary Hogins, P.E.Arizona Mary ViparinaArkansas Phillip L. McConnell, P.E.Charle
17、s D. Clements, P.E.California Mark Leja, P.E.Colorado Mithilesh “Mitch” KumarGary W. MeachamConnecticut Arthur W. GruhnMichael W. LonerganJames H. NormanDelaware Michael H. SimmonsMichael F. BalbiererJames M. SatterfieldDistrict of Columbia Kathleen PenneyZahra DorrizAllen MillerFlorida Brian A. Bla
18、nchard, P.E.Robert GreerJim Mills, P.E.Georgia James “Ben” Buchan, P.E.Babs Abubakari, P.E.Brent Story, P.E.Hawaii Gary C.P. ChoyJulius FrondaIdaho Loren D. ThomasSteven C. HutchinsonIllinois Michael HineIndiana Gary Mroczka, P.E.Jeff Clanton, P.E.Iowa Michael J. KennerlyDavid L. LittleDeanna Maifie
19、ldviii 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Kansas James O. Brewer, P.E.Richard G. Adams, P.E.LaMonte C. Armstrong, P.E.Kentucky Kenneth Sperry, P.E.David JonesLouisiana N. Kent IsraelNicholas
20、 Kalivoda, IIILloyd E. Porta, Jr.Maine Jerome A. Casey, P.E.Maryland Kirk G. McClellandRobert D. DouglassMassachusetts John Blundo, P.E.Stanley Wood, Jr.Michigan Mark A. Van Port Fleet, P.E.Minnesota Mukhtar Thakur, P.E.Mississippi David FosterJohn B. Pickering, P.E.C. Keith Purvis, P.E.Missouri Dav
21、id B. NicholsMontana Paul R. FerryLesly TribelhornNebraska Don TurekDawn AllynJames J. KnottNevada Frank Csiga, Jr., P.E.Ruedy EdgingtonRand Pollard, P.E.Paul K. Sinnott, P.E.New Hampshire Craig A. GreenNew Jersey Kiran B. PatelBrian StrizkiNew Mexico Roy Maestas, P.E.Dennis Peralta, P.E.Max E. Vale
22、rio, P.E.New York Philip J. Clark, P.E.Daniel DAngelo, P.E.Richard W. Lee, P.E.North Carolina Jay A. Bennett, P.E.Deborah M. BarbourArt McMillanNorth Dakota Mark GaydosOhio Cash MiselDirk GrossTimothy McDonaldix 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All right
23、s reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Oklahoma Christine M. Senkowski, P.E.Bruce E. TaylorOregon Thomas LauerPennsylvania Dean A. Schreiber, P.E.Brian D. Hare, P.E.Puerto Rico Ariel PrezJos E. Santana-PimentelRhode Island J. Michael Bennett, P.E.South Carolina Robert I. Pratt, P.E
24、.Rocque L. Kneece, P.E.John V. Walsh, P.E.South Dakota Joel GenglerJoe J. FellerTennessee Jeff C. JonesMark HolloranTexas Mark A. MarekUtah Stan Burns, P.E.Vermont Kevin Marshia, P.E.Virginia Mohammad Mirshahi, P.E.Barton A. Thrasher, P.E.Washington Harold Peterfeso, P.E.Richard Albin, P.E.Ken L. Sm
25、ith, P.E., CVSWest Virginia Jason C. FosterRandolph T. Epperly, Jr.Wisconsin Beth CannestraWyoming Paul P. BercichTony LairdU.S. DOT MemberFAA Rick Marinelli, P.E.Associate MemberBridge, Port and TollN.J. Turnpike Authority J. Lawrence WilliamsPenn. Turnpike Barry L. Troup, P.E.CommissionAssociate M
26、emberBridge, Port and TollPort Authority of NY and NJ Scott D. MurrellAssociate MemberCities and CountiesCity of Minneapolis Fred Abadix 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Associate MemberFe
27、deralUSDA Forest Service Ellen G. LaFayetteAssociate MemberInternationalAlberta Allan KwanBritish Columbia Richard VoyerOntario Joe BucikOntario Joe BucikSaskatchewan Sukhy Kentxi 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a vio
28、lation of applicable law. 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction 1Overview 1Need for Engineering Expertise .1Necessary Expertise .1Recommended Design Met
29、hods.2Modern Controls and Master Lighting Plans .2Chapter 2: Master Lighting Plans32.1 Overview .3Introduction .3Definition.3Benefits32.2 Plan Development .3Introduction .3Participants 4Groups Having Concerns About Lighting.42.3 Goals of a Master Lighting Plan5Introduction .5Improved Safety 5Environ
30、mentally Judicious Use of Resources.5Energy Use 6Tourists, Businesses, and Nighttime Activities.6Planned Maintenance 62.4 Lighting Curfews.6Introduction .6Reasons for Curfews .7Considerations Before Implementation.72.5 Electrical and Lighting Management Systems8Introduction .8Cost8Benefits9Benefits
31、of ELMS Standardization102.6 Conducting Studies10Introduction .10Electrical System.11Benefits and Effects of Curfews and Dimming.11Traffic Studies .11Community Goals11Budget .11Chapter 3: Techniques of Lighting Design133.1 Overview .13Introduction .13Level and Uniformity of Illuminance and Luminance
32、13Illuminance Considerations.14xiii 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Luminance Considerations 14Visibility-Based Design Methods163.2 Warranting Conditions.17General.17Benefits of Lighting.
33、17Rural Interchanges.17Warranting Conditions.17Continuous Freeway Lighting .18Partial Interchange Lighting 19Special Considerations.20Bridges.203.3 Design Values for Freeways20General.20Design Considerations.20Lighting Levels on Crossroads 20Partial Interchange Lighting 21Adaptation (Transition) Lig
34、hting.22Bridges and Overpasses.22Other Considerations .22Area Classifications.223.4 Streets and Highways Other Than Freeways (Including Walkways and Bicycle Ways) .23General.23Warranting Conditions.23Lighting Design Levels23Other Considerations .233.5 Pole Placement Guidelines 26Introduction26Obstru
35、ction of View 26Height Restrictions 26Medians26Gore Areas.26Maintenance Considerations26Adjacent to Deflecting Barriers .27General Safety Concerns .27Design Options 27Option 1: Remove the Obstacle.27Option 2: Redesign the Obstacle .27Option 3: Relocate the Obstacle 28Option 4: Use Appropriate Breaka
36、way Device .28Option 5: Shield the Obstacle29Option 6: Delineate the Obstacle.293.6 References29Chapter 4: Techniques of Lighting Design31Chapter 5: Tunnels and Underpasses 335.1 Overview .33Roadway Lighting Design Guidexiv 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officia
37、ls.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.5.2 Underpasses.33General Scope and Guide Application 33Warrants for Nighttime Underpass Lighting.33Design Values for Underpass Lighting .34Selection and Placement of Underpass Luminaires 345.3 Vehicular Tunnels .34General Scope an
38、d Guide Application 34Short Tunnels 35Long Tunnels.35Warrants for Tunnel Lighting35Visibility Optimization of the Tunnel and Approach Features .365.4 Daytime Lighting of Tunnel Interiors .37Short TunnelsSilhouette Visibility 37Entrance Portal Lighting .37Lighting Beyond the Entrance Zone .37Nighttim
39、e Tunnel Lighting38Selection and Placement of Tunnel Luminaires38Tunnel Lighting Control Systems .38Maintenance Factor for Tunnel Lighting Design38Chapter 6: Work Zone Lighting and Temporary Roadway Lighting39Introduction 39Cost.39Types 39Design Values 39Safety39Work Area Lighting .40Chapter 7: Roun
40、dabouts.41Introduction 41Warrant Conditions.41Recommended Lighting Level .41Chapter 8: Electrical Systems Requirements43Disconnects.43Guidelines Available 43Grounding.43Voltage Drop 43Chapter 9: Safety Rest Areas45Overview .45Warrant45Design Values45Entrance and Exit 45Interior Roadways .46Parking A
41、reas 47Activity Areas47Main Lanes47xv 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Chapter 10: Roadway Sign Lighting4910.1 Overview .49Introduction .49Key Elements of Roadway Sign Lighting.4910.2 Sign
42、 Lighting Warrants .5010.3 Illuminated Sign Types .51Ambient Luminance Classifications .5110.4 Sign Lighting Recommendations 52Lighting Uniformity 53Sign Color Standards.53Placement of Lighting Units5310.5 References .54Chapter 11: Maintenance Considerations in Roadway Lighting Design .55General55Ma
43、intenance Factors.55Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD).55Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)55Equipment Factor (EF) .56Support Structure Maintenance 56Electrical Distribution and Control System Maintenance 56External Factors 57Chapter 12: Sky Glow and Light Trespass .5912.1 Overview .59Introduction .59Type
44、s of Objectionable Roadway Lighting.5912.2 Mitigating Sky Glow and Light Trespass60Glossary .61Roadway Lighting Design Guidexvi 2005 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.1Chapter 1IntroductionOverv
45、iewThis guide replaces the 1984 publication entitled, An Informational Guide for Roadway Lighting. Ithas been revised and brought up to date to reflect current practices in roadway lighting. The guide pro-vides a general overview of lighting systems from the point of view of the transportation depar
46、tments andrecommends minimum levels of quality. The guide incorporates the illuminance and luminance designmethods, but does not include the small target visibility (STV) method.Two appendices to this document are located online for reference purposes at http:/downloads.trans-portation.org/lighting.
47、pdf. Appendix A is entitled Literature Review and References, and contains infor-mation on research studies related to accidents and highway lighting, driver parameters, pavementparameters, and a summary of further references. Appendix B contains an overview of Lighting Basics,including background i
48、nformation on the various issues related to effective highway lighting.Need for Engineering ExpertiseMost states require that final design documents be signed and sealed by a registered professional engi-neer. The registrant is normally required to only sign and seal documents that the registrant pr
49、epared, ordocuments for which the registrant was responsible for the direction and control of the work. Documentsinclude specifications, reports, drawings, plans, design information, and calculations. Lighting designs,as described in this guide, meet the criteria for requirement of an engineering seal. This is necessarybecause the public interest is at stake. In addition, the designs integrated with other aspects of the trans-portation facility that have engineering features. These other aspects include support structures, break-away devices, pavement character
