1、LRFD Road Tunnel Design and Construction Guide Specifications First Edition, 2017 Publ. Code: LRFDTUN-1 ISBN: 978-1-56051-643-9 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. American Association of S
2、tate Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org Cover photos: 1) top left photo: The Bertha Seattle project. Photo provided by Bijan Khaleghi, Washington State DOT. 2) top right photo: S
3、R 99 Tunnel, courtesy of WSDOT; 3) bottom left photo: East River Mountain tunnel on I-77, Bristol, VA, courtesy of VDOT; 4) bottom middle photo: SR99 Tunnel Construction, courtesy of Prasad Nallapaneni; 5) bottom right photo: the Squirrel Hill Tunnel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Jonathan McHugh, Ganne
4、tt Fleming. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. ISBN: 978-1-56051-643-9 Pub Code: LRFDTUN-1 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserv
5、ed. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.i AASHTO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 20162017 Voting Members OFFICERS: PRESIDENT: David Bernhardt, Maine* VICE PRESIDENT: John Schroer, Tennessee* SECRETARY-TREASURER: Carlos Braceras, Utah EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Bud Wright, Washington, D. C. REGIONAL REPRESENTA
6、TIVES: REGION I: Leslie Richards, Pennsylvania Pete Rahn, Maryland REGION II: Charles Kilpatrick, Virginia James Bass, Texas REGION III: Randall S. Blankenhorn, Illinois Patrick McKenna, Missouri REGION IV: Carlos Braceras, Utah Mike Tooley, Montana IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT: vacant *Elected at the 2
7、016 Annual Meeting in Boston, Massachusetts Nonvoting Members Executive Director: Bud Wright, Washington, DC 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ii HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCT
8、URES, 2016 GREGG FREDRICK, Chair BRUCE V. JOHNSON, Vice Chair JOSEPH L. HARTMANN, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary PATRICIA J. BUSH, AASHTO Liaison ALABAMA, Eric J. Christie, William “Tim” Colquett, Randall B. Mullins ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, David B. Benton, David L. Eberhart, Pe-
9、Shen Yang ARKANSAS, Charles “Rick” Ellis CALIFORNIA, Susan Hida, Thomas A. Ostrom, Dolores Valls COLORADO, Behrooz Far, Stephen Harelson, Jessica Martinez CONNECTICUT, Timothy D. Fields DELAWARE, Barry A. Benton, Jason Hastings DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Donald L. Cooney, Konjit C. “Connie” Eskender, Ric
10、hard Kenney FLORIDA, Sam Fallaha, Dennis William Potter, Jeff Pouliotte GEORGIA, Bill DuVall, Steve Gaston HAWAII, James Fu IDAHO, Matthew Farrar ILLINOIS, Tim A. Armbrecht, Carl Puzey INDIANA, Anne M. Rearick IOWA, Ahmad Abu-Hawash, Norman L. McDonald KANSAS, Mark E. Hoppe, John P. Jones KENTUCKY,
11、Mark Hite, Marvin Wolfe LOUISIANA, Arthur DAndrea, Paul Fossier, Zhengzheng “Jenny” Fu MAINE, Jeffrey S. Folsom, Wayne Frankhauser, Michael Wight MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman, Jeffrey L. Robert, Gregory Scott Roby MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow, Thomas Donald, Joseph Rigney MICHIGAN, Matthew Jack
12、 Chynoweth, David Juntunen MINNESOTA, Arielle Ehrlich, Kevin Western MISSISSIPPI, Austin Banks, Justin Walker, Scott Westerfield MISSOURI, Dennis Heckman, Scott Stotlemeyer MONTANA, Kent M. Barnes, David F. Johnson NEBRASKA, Mark Ahlman, Fouad Jaber, Mark J. Traynowicz NEVADA, Troy Martin, Jessen Mo
13、rtensen NEW HAMPSHIRE, David L. Scott, Peter Stamnas NEW JERSEY, Xiaohua “Hannah” Cheng, Nagnath “Nat” Kasbekar, Eli D. Lambert NEW MEXICO, Ted L. Barber, Raymond M. Trujillo, Jeff C. Vigil NEW YORK, Wahid Albert, Richard Marchione NORTH CAROLINA, Brian Hanks, Scott Hidden, Thomas Koch NORTH DAKOTA,
14、 Terrence R. Udland OHIO, Alexander B.C. Dettloff, Timothy J. Keller OKLAHOMA, Steven Jacobi, Walter Peters OREGON, Bruce V. Johnson, Tanarat Potisuk, Hormoz Seradj PENNSYLVANIA, James M. Long,Thomas P. Macioce, Lou Ruzzi PUERTO RICO, (Vacant) RHODE ISLAND, Georgette Chahine SOUTH CAROLINA, Barry W.
15、 Bowers, Terry B. Koon, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA, Steve Johnson TENNESSEE, John S. Hastings, Wayne J. Seger TEXAS,Bernie Carrasco, Jamie F. Farris, Gregg A. Freeby U.S. DOT, Joseph L. Hartmann UTAH, Carmen Swanwick, Cheryl Hersh Simmons, Joshua Sletten VERMONT, James LaCroix, Wayne B. Symonds VIRG
16、INIA, Prasad L. Nallapaneni, Kendal R. Walus WASHINGTON, Tony M. Allen, Thomas E. Baker, Bijan Khaleghi WEST VIRGINIA, Ahmed Mongi, Billy Varney 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.iii WISCO
17、NSIN, Scot Becker, William C. Dreher, William Olivia WYOMING, Paul G. Cortez, Gregg C. Frederick, Michael E. Menghini GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT, Kary H. Witt MDTA, Dan Williams N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Richard J. Raczynski N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, Jeffrey Wright PEN
18、N. TURNPIKE COMMISSION, James Stump U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, Phillip W. Sauser, Christopher H. Westbrook U.S. COAST GUARD, Kamal Elnahal U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREFOREST SERVICE, John R. Kattell KOREA, Eui-Joon Lee, Sang-Soon Lee SASKATCHEWAN, Howard Yea TRANSPORTATIO
19、N RESEARCH BOARD, Waseem Dekelbab 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. iv This page intentionally left blank. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
20、All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. v AASHTO LRFD Road Tunnel Design and Construction Guide Specifications ABBREVIATED TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1 Introduction Section 2 General Features and Requirements Section 3 Loads and Load Combinations Section 4 Structural Materi
21、als and Design Considerations Section 5 Geotechnical Considerations Section 6 Cut-and-cover Tunnel Structures Section 7 Mined and Bored Tunnel Structures Section 8 Immersed Tunnel Structures Section 9 Initial Ground Support Elements and Ground Improvement Section 10 Seismic Considerations Appendix A
22、 Planning and Route Considerations Appendix B Recommended Construction Specification Sections 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. vi This page intentionally left blank. 2017 by the American
23、 Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.1-i SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.1PURPOSE AND SCOPE .1-1 1.2DEFINITIONS 1-2 1.3DESIGN PHILOSOPHY .1-3 1.3.1General .1-3 1.3.2Limit States 1-4 1.3.2.1General 1-4
24、 1.3.2.2Service Limit State .1-5 1.3.2.3Fatigue and Fracture Limit State 1-5 1.3.2.4Strength Limit State .1-5 1.3.2.5Extreme Event Limit State .1-5 1.3.3Ductility 1-5 1.3.4Redundancy 1-6 1.3.5Operational Importance 1-6 1.4REFERENCES 1-7 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transport
25、ation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.1-ii LRFD ROAD TUNNEL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS This page intentionally left blank. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication i
26、s a violation of applicable law.SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1PURPOSE AND SCOPE The provisions of these Specifications are intended for the design, evaluation, and rehabilitation of highway tunnels. These Specifications are intended for the design of tunnels constructed using cut-and- cover, bored,
27、 mined, and immersed tunnel construction methodologies. Provisions are not included in these Specifications for water conveyance, utility, transit, or rail tunnels or for shafts. For tunnel elements not explicitly covered herein, the provisions of these Specifications may be applied, as augmented by
28、 the Engineer with additional design criteria where required. Construction specifications consistent with these design Specifications are not included. There is a listing of suggested construction specification sections included in Appendix B. Structures internal to tunnels that support roadways ove
29、r ventilation plenums, roadways, or other openings in the tunnel shall be designed in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (hereafter referred to as the LRFD Specifications) including all applicable interim changes and as modified or supplemented herein. The load effects of t
30、hese internal structures shall be applied to the tunnel lining, walls, or other supporting members in accordance with these Specifications. Retaining walls for retained cut approaches to tunnels shall be designed in accordance with the LRFD Specifications. Support and ancillary structures such as ve
31、ntilation, control, and administrative buildings are not covered by these Specifications. These structures shall be designed in accordance with local building codes. These Specifications are not intended to supplant proper training and experience or the exercise of judgment by the Engineer, and prov
32、ide only the minimum requirements necessary for public safety. The Owner or the Engineer may require the sophistication of design or the quality of materials and construction to be higher than the minimum requirements. The design of tunnels is strongly dependent upon the geologic setting, site condi
33、tions, and construction methodology, and this fact is considered in the Specifications. The concept of ground/structure interaction is emphasized for mined and bored tunnels; however, it is also applicable to cut-and-cover and immersed tunnels. The concept of safety through redundancy and ductility
34、is emphasized for tunnel elements subject to repeated loads and load reversals. The design provisions of these Specifications employ the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) methodology. The load factors have been calibrated using structural analysis modeling for a limited number of loading cond
35、itions that take into account ground/structure interaction. C1.1 These Specifications are modeled after the LRFD Specifications and the AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design. The philosophy and guidance provided in those documents are carried forward and implemented in this docu
36、ment. Whenever the LRFD Specifications are referenced in this document, the reference is to the latest edition including all applicable interim changes. The term “notional” is often used in these Specifications to indicate an idealization of a physical phenomenon, as in “notional load” or “notional
37、resistance.” Use of this term strengthens the separation of an engineers “notion” or perception of the physical world in the context of design from physical reality itself. The term “shall” denotes a requirement for compliance with these Specifications. The term “should” indicates a strong preferenc
38、e for a given criterion. The term “may” indicates a criterion that is usable, but other local and suitably documented, verified, and approved criteria may also be used in a manner consistent with the LRFD approach to tunnel design. The load factors specified in Section 3 have been calibrated to prov
39、ide designs with member proportions consistent with the current practice in tunnel design. The calibration is based upon analyses performed for a circular bored tunnel. Additional calibration for different tunnel cross-sectional geometry and loadings from a variety of ground conditions would be usef
40、ul in further validating and refining the load factors. The primary loads on structural components of tunnels are groundwater and earth loads. For immersed tunnels, loads imposed by transporting immersed elements from the fabrication site to the tunnel location can also govern the design of these tu
41、nnels. For pre-fabricated linings used in bored tunnels, construction-imposed loading can govern the design. The determination of groundwater, earth, transportation, and other construction loads varies based on the in-situ conditions, level of testing during subsurface investigations, and ground con
42、ditions may have great variation. There are little data available to establish a statistically significant sampling in order to calibrate these Specifications based upon structural reliability theory. As such, judgment and past experience were also used to select the load factors. These Specificatio
43、ns are an initial attempt to codify and standardize highway tunnel design. As such, as future data that are produced in a systematic fashion in accordance with these Specifications become available, recalibration may be implemented based on statistical evaluation of these data. 2017 by the American
44、Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.1-2 LRFD ROAD TUNNEL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS The commentary is not intended to provide a complete historical background concerning the development of thes
45、e Specifications, nor is it intended to provide a detailed summary of the studies and research data reviewed in formulating the provisions of the Specifications. However, references to some of the research data are provided for those who wish to study the background material in more depth. The comme
46、ntary directs attention to other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements and intent of these Specifications. However, those documents and this commentary are not intended to be a part of these Specifications. The Specifications direct the Engineer to utilize other docume
47、nts in the development of designs. When this occurs, the most current edition of those documents should be utilized. Those documents referenced in the Specifications are intended to be part of these Specifications by reference. Unless otherwise specified, the Materials Specifications referenced here
48、in are the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing. 1.2DEFINITIONS For definitions not shown, see the LRFD Specifications. Bored TunnelA tunnel constructed utilizing a tunnel boring machine. CalibrationThe selection of load and resistance facto
49、rs to achieve a specified goal such as uniform reliability, as is the case with the bridge design specifications, or member proportions consistent with past practice, as is the case with these Specifications. CollapseA major change in the geometry of the tunnel lining or other structural component rendering it unfit for use. ComponentEither a discrete element of the tunnel or a combination of elements requiring individual design consideration. Contract DocumentsDrawings, specifications, reports, and memoranda that
