1、HVAC SYSTEMS COMMISSIONING MANUALSHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORSNATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC.www.smacna.orgANSI/SMACNA 014-2013HVAC SYSTEMS COMMISSIONING MANUALSECOND EDITION 2013SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORSNATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC.4201 Lafayette Center DriveChantilly, VA
2、201511219www.smacna.orgHVAC SYSTEMS COMMISSIONING MANUALCOPYRIGHT 2013All Rights ReservedbySHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORSNATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC.4201 Lafayette Center DriveChantilly, VA 201511219Printed in the U.S.A.FIRST EDITION 1994SECOND EDITION - 2013ISBN 978-1-61721-097-6 PrintI
3、SBN 978-1-61721-099-0 PDFExcept as allowed in the Notice to Users and in certain licensing contracts, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrievable system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
4、written permission of the publisher.HVAC Systems Commissioning Manual Second Edition iiiFOREWORDCommissioning includes the final act of verifying compliance with project specifications and the owners project requirements. The term commissioning has evolved to represent a total quality management pro
5、cess in the construc-tion trades. It includes demonstrating and verifying system and subsystem operational performance and is a detailed testing and documentation of building systems and components. Finally, it is the foundation of and includes training provided to facility managers to be used by bu
6、ilding management throughout the operational life of the building. While commissioning can be applied to all components of a structure, this manual only focuses on the HVAC systems and the parties responsible for the proper design, installation, verification, operation, and maintenance of these syst
7、ems.HVAC systems are typically the most energy intensive systems in a building. HVAC systems can be the source of indoor air quality (IAQ) problems or the vehicle to the solution of those problems. Poorly designed, improperly installed, or inadequately maintained HVAC systems can cause high operatin
8、g costs, occupant discomfort, affecting the long term financial viability of a building. The purpose of this manual is to introduce the commissioning process and to provide all stakeholders an understanding of the skills and expertise required to apply the concepts to the most critical element in mo
9、st buildingsthe HVAC system. Contractors who understand the process will be in position to offer this service to building owners and designers. Owners who understand the value commissioning adds to their building will demand it be an integral part of the construction process.The original group taske
10、d with developing the first edition of this standard, the SMACNA Building Services Committee, decided to introduce the commissioning process as a multi-level concept applicable to projects large and small, simple and complex. The current task force agreed with multi-level concept which is continued
11、in this edition. The manual treats the subject in sufficient detail to provide a professionally run organization, with a commitment to the total qual-ity management process, the tools to direct the activities of a commissioning team. The concept of commissioning an existing building which is sometim
12、es called re-commissioning or retro-commissioning is covered in this standard. The commissioning process can be utilized in renovation and retrofit projects as well as part of an ongoing building maintenance program for any building.New to this edition is a chapter on LEED projects. As the United St
13、ates Green Building Council is evolving and changing its system for rating buildings it is important that all parties involved in these types of projects be familiar with the changing requirements. LEEDv3 (2009) is the basis for the chapter on LEED commissioning requirements. The manual includes sam
14、ple specifications and sample commissioning reports. Also included are samples of commis-sioning checklists for a wide variety of HVAC systems and components. Although these checklists are comprehensive, they are intended as guidelines to develop forms specific for the building or components being c
15、ommissioned. Since each building and its systems are unique, forms used in the commissioning process are customized for the equipment and systems involved and to reflect the requirements of the commissioning authority.This manual will be updated in the future as industry needs change and evolve. Con
16、tinuing efforts will be made to provide the industry with the latest methods and engineering data from recognized sources, supplemented by SMACNA research, the services of local SMACNA chapters, and the growing experience base of SMACNA contractors.SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORSNATIONA
17、L ASSOCIATION, INC.This foreword is not a mandatory part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI requirements for a standard and may contain material that has not been subj
18、ect to public review or a consensus process. Unresolved objectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at SMACNA or ANSI.iv HVAC Systems Commissioning Manual Second EditionHVAC SYSTEMS COMMISSIONING TASK FORCEMichael F. Mamayek, Chairman Vincent Del VacchioIllingworth Corporat
19、ion Keystone Balancing with atmo-spheric or power burners; gas, oil, or combi-nation gas/oil fired.Chillers; with reciprocating, scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressors; air-or water- cooled; with or without condensers; and including heat recovery models.Cooling towers, closed-circuit heat rejec-t
20、ors, and both air cooled and evaporative condensers.Hot water, chilled water, and condensing water pumps associated with the preceding.Constant volume, single zone air systems (including all components such as fans, coils, furnaces, condensing units, dampers, and controls, as applicable).Condensing
21、boilers.Primary and secondary piping systems.Variable flow piping or pumping systems.Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems (including various components such as termi-nal units and Variable Frequency Drives (VFD)CHAPTER 2INTRODUCTIONHVAC Systems Commissioning Manual Second Edition 2.1CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCT
22、ION2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDOver the years, buildings and their services have become more complex and varied. At one time, sys-tems were simple, with few controls (mostly manual), and similar from building to building. After installa-tion, a simple equipment start-up by the contractor was often all
23、that was needed. The equipment, and thus the system, either worked or not. If not, diagnosis and correction was usually obvious and quick.Building operators understood such simple systems and were able to keep them operating correctly. There were summer operating modes and winter operating modes. Ev
24、erything in local zones was controlled by a thermostat. When energy consumption was not a con-cern, equipment oversizing often compensated for incorrect operation, and comfort conditions could be maintained.Today, there is a wide range of equipment and systems used for building HVAC. These systems a
25、re often complex, particularly in their controls to implement energy savings strategies. They have come about in order to meet a whole series of conflicting pressures: capital cost constraints; more stringent building codes, particularly with respect to smoke control and energy; escalating energy co
26、sts; energy conservation standards for equipment; occupant demands for better comfort and good indoor air quality; and green building trends.2.2 WHY COMMISSIONING?The primary purpose of commissioning is to deliver a building where service systems function according to design intent and to meet the n
27、eeds of the owners and occupants. To achieve this, it is essential to implement a commissioning process in which functional and environmental performance is tested; verified for all anticipated operating conditions; documented prior to occupancy; and maintained during the life of the build-ing syste
28、ms.The simple start-up is no longer adequate. If todays building systems are going to function properly, they must be designed competently and installed correctly. On the installation side this means checking that all aspects of the installation are complete before start-up. Once started, system ope
29、ration must be checked and verified in detail.Building owners and operators must be provided with usable documentation regarding inspection, service, and maintenance requirements and be instructed on the importance of carrying them out. An effective, ongoing service and maintenance program is essent
30、ial for maintaining efficient system performance, provid-ing occupant comfort, and extending equipment life.Once that is done, operators must be trained in all aspects of the operation of the systems. This is critical because correct systems operation requires a basic understanding of the equipments
31、 capabilities, limita-tions, and intended control sequences. Without docu-mentation and instruction, operators do not have the resources to properly operate the building and its sys-tems. In addition, due to smaller safety factors and more demanding occupants in todays buildings, there are fewer mar
32、gins for error.Unfortunately, in many cases, the construction indus-try has not updated its practices to meet the demands of todays mechanical systems, owners, and building occupants. In addition, many owners think they are getting and paying for a fully commissioned building when they are not. Appl
33、ication of information in this manual will enable contractors to understand how to upgrade their skills and update their commissioning practices to meet todays needs.2.3 SMACNAS RESPONSESMACNA exists to encourage and enable sheet metal and air conditioning contractors, and others in the industry, to
34、 improve their capabilities and the quality of the installations they produce. The development and distribution of standards and manuals and partici-pation in training programs are a central part of this effort.The HVAC contractor has traditionally had the respon-sibility of providing a complete and
35、 fully functioning installation. In essence, “fully functioning” also means “fully commissioned.” Thus, the traditional responsibility includes all the activities involved in planning the commissioning process and implement-ing it on site.The commissioning agent is an integral part of imple-menting
36、the commissioning process. Chapter 4 pro-vides some information on commissioning agents, and section 4.3 details the skills and qualifications needed by them. HVAC contractors have to be prepared to retain external commissioning agencies, or to develop the required expertise internally, in order to
37、undertake HVAC systems commissioning as described in this manual.The owner and his designers determine the terms of reference, the scope of work, and the detailed 2.2 HVAC Systems Commissioning Manual Second Editionspecification requirements, all as contained in the con-tract documents. If specific
38、commissioning require-ments are contained therein, it is the contractors responsibility to meet them. The owner should have some means of ensuring the contractor carries out those responsibilities. This corresponds with Level 2 commissioning.However, even when the contract documents do not contain a
39、ny explicit commissioning requirements, commissioning can still be planned and carried out by the contractor. This is what is referred to as Level 1. In essence, Level 1 commissioning is the minimum that should be carried out by any responsible and knowl-edgeable contractor committed to quality work
40、. This manual outlines how, if commissioning is done prop-erly and expertly, a better product can be produced at little or no additional cost. In essence, Level 1 is sim-ply quality control procedures that are embedded in how contractors produce and install duct or entire HVAC systems. Well thought
41、out and adhered to Quality Control procedures can save time and money.2.4 QUALITY MANAGEMENTCommissioning is essentially a quality control pro-cess. Quality is built into a product by planning and forethought; it is not achieved by trying to fix prob-lems after they have occurred. A quality product
42、does not need to cost more to produce, but many changes to both processes and attitudes may be necessary to achieve the goal of quality products.SMACNA is convinced that commissioning, as an integral part of the design and construction process, is one of the means of improving the quality of the HVA
43、C systems that contractors turn over to owners. Helping the industry to improve its quality manage-ment performance is one of the goals of this manual. It focuses on a commissioning process, which is truly integrated into the overall construction process, as a means of moving toward that end. If com
44、missioning is planned and carried out properly, this increase in qual-ity can be achieved with a reduction in construction cost. In other words, the time and cost of the commis-sioning process can be offset by the time and cost saved through improvements in efficiency.Nevertheless, when a comprehens
45、ive commissioning process is required, the specifications must clearly define the work and level of effort required. The spec-ifications must define the commissioning procedures to be followed and all related contractor responsibili-ties, including those of the commissioning agent. They must also de
46、fine the scope of equipment, subsystems and systems to be commissioned. Only when process and scope are both defined, can contractors bid the work fairly and accurately. And finally, only when the owners designer or commissioning authority enforces the specification objectively, will the process car
47、ry through to the end of the project to the benefit of both owners and contractor.Unfortunately, a building is not a product for which prototypes can be built, tested, revised, and fine tuned before full production begins. Every building is unique. Furthermore, the construction industry is fragmente
48、d, involving a vast array of contractors, sub-contractors, suppliers, tradesmen, test and balance specialists, controls technicians, equipment startup specialists, designers, inspectors, and owners staff. With competitive bidding on every element, a lowest immediate cost mentality prevails for every
49、 item, at every level of bidding. In such an environment, it is very difficult for the contractor to consider an overall quality management approach, let alone achieve it. However, a quality management approach, incorporat-ing a commissioning process as outlined in this man-ual, has the potential to produce a better product for the customer, possibly at a reduced overall cost.CHAPTER 3BENEFITS AND COSTSHVAC Systems Commissioning Manual Second Edition 3.1CHAPTER 3 BENEFITS AND COSTS3.1 BENEFITS3.1.1 Overview of BenefitsThe benefits of commissioning accrue
