1、INCITS/ISO 6709-2008 (ISO 6709:2008 , IDT) Standard representationof geographic point location by coordinatesINCITS/ISO 6709-2008 (ISO 6709:2008 , IDT)INCITS/ISO 6709-2008 ii ITIC 2008 All rights reserved PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensin
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4、aken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American Natio
5、nal Standard. Date of ANSI Approval: 12/18/2008Published by American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2008 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). All rights reserved. These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Stan
6、dardization Organization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, witho
7、ut the prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Printed in the United States of America INCITS/ISO 6709-2008 ITIC 2008 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction .v 1 Scope 1 2
8、Conformance 1 3 Normative references .1 4 Terms and definitions 2 5 Abbreviated terms 3 6 Requirements for the representation of geographic point location .3 6.1 Conceptual model for geographic point locations .3 6.2 Elements required for geographic point location .5 6.3 Coordinate Reference System
9、identification.5 6.4 Representation of horizontal position .5 6.5 Representation of vertical position .6 6.6 Coordinate resolution 6 6.7 Utilization of geographic point locations 6 7 Representation of geographic point location6 7.1 UML model 6 7.2 XML representation 6 7.3 Text string representation
10、7 Annex A (normative) Conformance and abstract test suite 8 Annex B (informative) Latitude and longitude coordinates are not unique 10 Annex C (normative) UML description for representation of geographic point locations . 12 Annex D (informative) Representation of latitude and longitude at the human
11、 interface 17 Annex E (informative) Latitude and longitude resolution 19 Annex F (informative) Utilization of Geographic Point Locations . 20 Annex G (informative) Examples of XML representation . 23 Annex H (informative) Text string representation of point location 25 Bibliography 28 INCITS/ISO 670
12、9-2008 iv ITIC 2008 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member bo
13、dy interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrot
14、echnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted b
15、y the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent ri
16、ghts. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 6709 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 6709:1983), which has been technically revised. The first
17、edition provided for the representation of latitude and longitude for geographic point locations. This second edition extends the use of the representation to applications requiring latitude or longitude values to be quoted separately, for example when quoting a difference in two meridian values. It
18、 also extends the representation of latitude and longitude to allow the values for each to be held in separate numeric fields. This second edition additionally provides for the representation of horizontal point location by coordinates other than latitude and longitude, and makes provisions for a va
19、riable-length format which has the flexibility to cover these various requirements. It also includes provisions for heights and depths. This second edition is primarily intended for data interchange between computer systems. Informative Annex D, which summarises the different requirements at the hum
20、an interface, has been added. The first edition used the term altitude to describe vertical position. This International Standard uses the more general term height and also allows for vertical location to be described as depth. INCITS/ISO 6709-2008 ITIC 2008 All rights reserved v Introduction Effici
21、ent interchange of geographic-point-location data requires formats which are universally interpretable and which allow identification of points on, above and below the earths surface. Users in various disciplines may have different requirements. This is exemplified by the use of degrees and decimal
22、degrees, as well as the traditional degrees, minutes and seconds, for recording latitude and longitude. Users may also require various levels of precision and may use latitude and longitude without height. The use of this International Standard will a) reduce the cost of interchange of data, b) redu
23、ce the delay in converting non-standard coding structures in preparation for interchange by providing advance knowledge of the standard interchange format, and c) provide flexible support for geographic point representation. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD INCITS/ISO 6709-2008 ITIC 2008 All rights reserv
24、ed 1 Standard representation of geographic point location by coordinates 1 Scope This International Standard is applicable to the interchange of coordinates describing geographic point location. It specifies the representation of coordinates, including latitude and longitude, to be used in data inte
25、rchange. It additionally specifies representation of horizontal point location using coordinate types other than latitude and longitude. It also specifies the representation of height and depth that may be associated with horizontal coordinates. Representation includes units of measure and coordinat
26、e order. This International Standard is not applicable to the representation of information held within computer memories during processing and in their use in registers of geodetic codes and parameters. This International Standard supports point location representation through the eXtensible Markup
27、 Language (XML) and, recognizing the need for compatibility with the previous version of this International Standard, ISO 6709:1983, allows for the use of a single alpha-numeric string to describe point locations. For computer data interchange of latitude and longitude, this International Standard g
28、enerally suggests that decimal degrees be used. It allows the use of sexagesimal notations: degrees, minutes and decimal minutes or degrees, minutes, seconds and decimal seconds. This International Standard does not require special internal procedures, file-organization techniques, storage medium, l
29、anguages, etc., to be used in its implementation. 2 Conformance To conform to this International Standard, representations of point locations by coordinates shall satisfy all of the conditions specified in the abstract test suite (see Annex A). 3 Normative references The following referenced documen
30、ts are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/IEC 8859-1, Information technology 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character
31、sets Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1 ISO/TS 19103, Geographic information Conceptual schema language ISO 19107, Geographic Information Spatial schema ISO 19111:2007, Geographic Information Spatial referencing by coordinates ISO 19115:2003, Geographic Information Metadata ISO 19118, Geographic informati
32、on Encoding INCITS/ISO 6709-2008 2 ITIC 2008 All rights reserved ISO/TS 19127, Geographic Information Geodetic codes and parameters ISO 19133, Geographic Information Location based services Tracking and navigation 4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and def
33、initions apply. 4.1 accuracy closeness of agreement between a test result or measurement result and the true value ISO 3534-2:2006 4.2 altitude height where the chosen reference surface is mean sea level 4.3 coordinate one of a sequence of n numbers designating the position of a point in n-dimension
34、al space NOTE In a coordinate reference system, the coordinate numbers are qualified by units. ISO 19111:2007 4.4 coordinate set collection of coordinate tuples related to the same coordinate reference system ISO 19111:2007 4.5 coordinate tuple tuple composed of a sequence of coordinates NOTE The nu
35、mber of coordinates in the coordinate tuple equals the dimension of the coordinate system; the order of coordinates in the coordinate tuple is identical to the order of the axes of the coordinate system. ISO 19111:2007 4.6 depth distance of a point from a chosen reference surface measured downward a
36、long a line perpendicular to that surface NOTE A depth above the reference surface will have a negative value. ISO 19111:2007 4.7 height h, H distance of a point from a chosen reference surface measured upward along a line perpendicular to that surface NOTE A height below the reference surface will
37、have a negative value. ISO 19111:2007 INCITS/ISO 6709-2008 ITIC 2008 All rights reserved 3 4.8 metadata data about data ISO 19115:2003 4.9 precision measure of the repeatability of a set of measurements ISO 19116:2004 4.10 resolution coordinate unit associated with the least significant digit of a c
38、oordinate NOTE Coordinate resolution may have linear or angular units depending on the characteristics of the coordinate system. 4.11 sexagesimal degree angle represented by a sequence of values in degrees, minutes and seconds NOTE In the case of latitude or longitude, it may also include a characte
39、r indicating hemisphere. EXAMPLE 50,079 572 5 degrees is represented as 500446,461“ sexagesimal degrees. 4.12 tuple ordered list of values ISO 19136:2007 5 Abbreviated terms CRS Coordinate Reference System GPL Geographic Point Location GML Geography Markup Language UML Unified Modelling Language XML
40、 eXtensible Mark-up Language 6 Requirements for the representation of geographic point location 6.1 Conceptual model for geographic point locations A coordinate is one of a sequence of numbers describing the position of a point. A coordinate tuple is composed of a sequence of coordinates describing
41、one position. EXAMPLE A coordinate tuple consisting of latitude, longitude and height represents a 3-dimensional geographic position. INCITS/ISO 6709-2008 4 ITIC 2008 All rights reserved A coordinate tuple represents a location unambiguously only if the coordinate reference system (CRS) to which it
42、is referenced is identified. Without this identification, uncertainty in position may result in the location being as much as several hundred metres distant, see Annex B. ISO 19111 defines the elements required to describe a coordinate reference system. A coordinate set is a collection of coordinate
43、 tuples. ISO 19111 requires that all coordinate tuples within a coordinate set should be referenced to the same coordinate reference system. If only one point is being described, the association between the coordinate tuple and coordinate reference system may be direct. For a coordinate set, one CRS
44、 identification or definition is associated with the coordinate set and all coordinate tuples in that coordinate inherit that association. The conceptual relationship between the coordinate tuple, coordinate set and coordinate reference system is illustrated in Figure 1 and is formally described in
45、UML in Annex C. Figure 1 Conceptual relationship of coordinates to a Coordinate Reference System (CRS) Coordinates within a 2-dimensional CRS describe horizontal location. Given the importance of integrating the vertical dimension in modern systems, this International Standard also allows for the re
46、presentation of coordinates describing a 3-dimensional position. A description of geographical point location in 3 dimensions can be made with reference to either a 3-dimensional CRS or a compound CRS consisting of a horizontal CRS and a vertical CRS. A coordinate reference system is comprised of on
47、e coordinate system and one datum as presented in Figure 2. Figure 2 Conceptual model of a Coordinate Reference System INCITS/ISO 6709-2008 ITIC 2008 All rights reserved 5 6.2 Elements required for geographic point location In this International Standard, geographic point location shall be represent
48、ed by four elements: coordinate representing x horizontal position such as latitude; coordinate representing y horizontal position such as longitude; for 3-dimensional point locations, a value representing vertical position through either height or depth; a coordinate reference system identification
49、. 6.3 Coordinate Reference System identification A CRS identification shall be given for geographic point locations to be described unambiguously. For point location including the vertical position, a compound CRS identification shall be given; this compound CRS identification shall cover both horizontal and vertical positions. It is recognized that, in the absence of the CRS identification, a level of uncertainty in geographic point location is introduced. This geographic offset in position may b
