1、$XUpOLH/HQRLUis a Phd student in the laboratory of physical and mathematical engineering for energy and environment, University of Reunion Island, Le Tampon, Reunion Island, France. )UDQoRLV*DUGHis a professor in the department of sustainable design and environment, ESIROI, University of Reunion Isl
2、and, Le Tampon, Reunion Island. He is also one of the subtask leader of the new international energy agency SHC Task 40 / ECBCS Annex 52 “Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings”. )UDQoRLVH7KHOOLHU is a professor at the laboratory of man applied to his environment, University of Toulouse, Toulouse,
3、France. 7RZDUGV1HW=HUR(QHUJ%XLOGLQJVLQ+RW3(5,0(17$/)(%$ it should then increase the range of the ceiling fans. On Figure 4 (c), the same results are presented with the louvers opened during the measurements. The circles drawn are the average diameter in which 0.7 m/s air velocity is supplied. The av
4、erage diameter is 1 m and a major part of the classrooms has then an average air velocity of 0.7 m/s. 2011 ASHRAE 4639,68$/3(5,0(17$/)(%$&.0HWKRGRORJAlways with the goal of reducing the energy use, daylighting measurements were conducted in the offices and classrooms in order to evaluate the dayligh
5、t autonomy of the building. The illuminance was measured in 12 points of the room (on the desks), every hour from 8 am to 6 pm in a classroom on the second floor. The measurements were carried out on a cloudy summer day (global solar energy on horizontal plane: 4.4 kWh/m). 5HVXOWVThree zones were de
6、fined functions of the illuminance level (Figure 5). The graphic presents the average illuminance in each zone for every hour. The recommended level of illuminance (300 Lux) is reached in all zones during the day except at 8 am and after 5 pm. The daylight autonomy for this classroom is 90% on a clo
7、udy summer day. This daylight study was carried out with the aim of optimizing the artificial lighting distribution. As for daylighting, three zones should be defined for artificial lighting with three individual switches so that the occupants could turn on only the essentials lightings. 02004006008
8、001 0001 2008:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00Illuminance level (Lux)HourNorthMiddleSouthRecommanded levelFigure 5 (a) Distribution of the three daylighting zones and location of the 12 desks on the classroom. (b) Graphic representing the average illuminance level for ea
9、ch zones during every hours from 8 am to 6 pm on a cloudy summer day. &21&/86,21This paper presents the experimental feedback of the “EnerPos” building in terms of thermal comfort, daylighting and ventilation. All measurements were conducted with the aim of reducing the energy use of the building an
10、d to maximize the bioclimatic solutions such as cross natural ventilation and daylighting to avoid energy consuming active systems such as air-conditioning and artificial lighting. The first part concerning thermal comfort feedback based on a survey conducted in the building during two summer season
11、s shows the difficulty of assessing thermal comfort in tropical climates. The thermal sensation can be linked with the globe temperature and air velocity, but it is particularly difficult to forecast the responses for the thermal judgment that not only depends on the environment but also on psycholo
12、gical factors and behavioural adaptations. The study should be continued especially to include the problematic influence of humidity which is very high under tropical climate. The second and the third parts about ventilation and daylighting measurements show that these measurements can give the oppo
13、rtunity for optimizing the systems, such as ceiling fans and artificial lighting, and lead to a decrease in energy consumption of these systems. 464 ASHRAE Transactions120(1&/$785(RH = Relative humidity % T = Temperature C v = Velocity m/s 6XEVFULSWVa = Air g = Globe op = Operative mrt = Mean radian
14、t temperature fe = Final Energy nfa = Net Floor Area 5()(5(1&(6ADEME. 2010. Bilan Carbone. Agence de lEnvironnement et de la Matrise de lEnergie. Arens, E., Turner, S., Zhang, H., Paliaga, G. 2009. Moving air for comfort. ASHRAE Journal. May. pp 18-28. ASHRAE. 1992. Standard 55, Thermal environmenta
15、l conditions for human occupancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditionning Engineers. Atlanta. USA. Baker, N., Standeven, M. 1996. Thermal comfort for free-running buildings. Energy and Buildings, vol 23: 175-182 EPBD recast. 2010. Directive of the European Parliament and of
16、the Council of the energy performance of buildings (recast). Adopted by the Council on 14/04/2010. Brussels 2008/0223. Fanger, P.O. 1970. Thermal comfort. Danish Technical Press. Copenhagen. Garde, F., David, M., Adelard, L., Ottenwelter, E. 2005. Elaboration of thermal standard for French tropical
17、islands: presentation of the PERENE project. Clima 2005. October. Lausanne. Switzerland. Garde, F., Bastide, A., Bentaleb, D., Ottenwelter, E. 2006. The construction of a zero energy building in Reunion Island. Presentation of a new approach to design studies. ASME: International Mechanical Engineer
18、ing Congress and Exposition. November 5-10. Chicago. USA. Garde, F., David, M., Lenoir, A. 2011. Towards net zero energy buildings in hot climates. Part I: New tools and Methods. ASHRAE Winter Conference. January 29-February 2. Las Vegas. USA. Heidari, S., Sharples, S. 2002. A comparative analysis o
19、f short-term and long-term thermal comfort surveys in Iran. Energy and Buildings, vol 34: 607-614. Humphreys, M.A., Hancock, M. 2007. Do people like to feel neutral? Exploring the variation of the desired thermal sensation on the ASHRAE scale. Energy and Buildings, vol 39: 867-874. IEA. 2008. SHC Ta
20、sk 40 / ECBCS Annex 52. Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings. http:/www.iea-shc.org/task40/ International Energy Agency. ISO. 1998. International Standard 7726. Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Instruments for measuring physical quantities. International Organisation for Standardisation. Ge
21、neva. ISO. 1995. International Standard 10551. Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment: Assessment of the Influence of the Thermal Environment using Subjective Judgment Scale. International Organisation for Standardisation. Geneva. ISO. 1994. International Standard 7730. Moderate thermal environments:
22、 determination of PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort. International Organisation for Standardisation. Geneva. Nicol, J.F. 2004. Adaptive thermal comfort standards in the hot-humid tropics. Energy and Buildings, vol 36: 628-637 Nicol, J.F., Humphreys, M.A. 2002. Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings. Energy and Buildings, vol 34: 563-572 2011 ASHRAE 465
