1、Designation: A231/A231M 15A231/A231M 18Standard Specification forChromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring Wire1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A231/A231M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers round
3、 and shaped chromium-vanadium alloy steel spring wire having properties and qualityintended for the manufacture of springs used at moderately elevated temperatures. This wire shall be either in the annealed andcold-drawn or oil-tempered condition as specified by the purchaser.1.2 The values stated i
4、n either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.2.1 W
5、ithin the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations iss
6、uedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA510/A510M Specification for General Requirements for Wire Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon Steel, and
7、 Alloy SteelA700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for ShipmentA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and FerroalloysE8/E8M Test Methods for Tension T
8、esting of Metallic MaterialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, see Terminology A941.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 equiva
9、lent round diameter, ndiameter of a round wire having equivalent cross sectional area to a given shaped wire.3.2.2 round wire, nwire having a circular cross section.3.2.3 shape factor, nthis value is used to obtain cross sectional area for shaped wires when multiplied by measured width andthickness.
10、3.2.4 shaped wire, nwire having a non-circular cross section.4. Ordering Information4.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all requirements that are necessary for material under thisspecification. Such requirements may include, but are not limited to, the following:1 This spe
11、cification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.03on Steel Rod and Wire.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015Sept. 1, 2018. Published November 2015September. Originally approved in 1939. Last p
12、revious edition approved in 20102015 asA231/A231M 10.A231/A231M 15. DOI: 10.1520/A0231_A0231M-15.10.1520/A0231_A0231M-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer
13、 to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all chan
14、ges accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
15、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.1 Quantity (mass),4.1.2 Name of material (chromium-vanadium alloy steel wire),4.1.3 Wire diameter (Table 1 and Section 9), and4.1.4 ASTM designation and date of issue.4.2 It The purchaser shall be the responsibility of
16、the purchaser to specify all requirements that are necessary for material underthis specification. Such requirements may include, but are not limited to, the following:have the option to specify additionalrequirements, including but not limited to:3.1.1 Quantity (mass),3.1.2 Name of material (chromi
17、um-vanadium alloy steel wire),4.2.1 Wire diameter Requirements for certifications, heat analysis or test reports (Table 16.2 and Section 814),3.1.4 Packaging (Section 14),3.1.5 Heat analysis report (if requested) (5.2),4.2.2 Certification or test report, or both, if specified Special packing, markin
18、g, and loading requirements (Section 1315), and4.2.3 ASTM designation and date of Other special requirements, if any.issue.NOTE 1A typical ordering description is as follows: 20 000 kg oil-tempered chromium-vanadium alloy steel wire, size 6.00 mm in 150-kg coils toASTM A231/A231M dated_ , or for inc
19、h-pound units, 40 000 lb oil-tempered chromium-vanadium alloy steel spring wire, size 0.250 in. in 350-lbcoils to ASTM A231/A231M dated_.NOTE 1A typical ordering description is as follows: 20 000 kg oil-tempered chromium-vanadium alloy steel wire, size 6.00 mm in 150-kg coils toASTM A231/A231M dated
20、_ , or for inch-pound units, 40 000 lb oil-tempered chromium-vanadium alloy steel spring wire, size 0.250 in. in 350-lbcoils to ASTM A231/A231M dated_.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 The steel may be made by any commercially accepted steelmaking process. The steel may be either ingot cast or strandc
21、ast.5.2 The finished wire shall be free from detrimental pipe and undue segregation.6. Chemical Composition6.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements of Grade 6150 for chemical composition specified in Table 2.6.2 Heat AnalysisEach heat of steel shall be analyzed by the manufacturer to determin
22、e the percentage of elements prescribedin Table 2. This analysis shall be made from a test specimen preferably taken during the pouring of the heat. When requested, thisshall be reported to the purchaser and shall conform to the requirements of Table 2.6.3 Product AnalysisAn analysis may be made by
23、the purchaser from finished wire representing each heat of steel. Thechemical composition thus determined, as to elements required or restricted, shall conform to the product analysis requirementsspecified in Table 4 of Specification A510/A510M.6.4 For referee purposes, Test Methods, Practices, and
24、Terminology A751 shall be used.7. Mechanical Properties7.1 Annealed and Cold DrawnWhen purchased in the annealed and cold-drawn condition, the wire shall have been given asufficient amount of cold working to meet the purchasers coiling requirements and shall be in a suitable condition to respondprop
25、erly to heat treatment. In special cases the hardness, or tensile strength, if desired, shall be stated in the purchase order.7.2 Oil TemperedWhen purchased in the oil-tempered condition, the tensile strength and minimum percent reduction of area,sizes 2.50 mm 0.105 in. and coarser, of the wire area
26、 shall conform to the requirements as shown in Table 1. Tensile strengthof shaped and flat rolled wires shall conform to this table based on the conversion to equivalent round dimensions. Percentreduction of area is not applicable to shaped and flat rolled wires.NOTE 2Equivalent Round Definition: Th
27、e cross-sectional area of non-round wires converted to the round wire diameter.7.2.1 Number of TestsOne test specimen shall be taken for each ten coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot. Each heat in a givenlot shall be tested.7.2.2 Location of TestsTest specimens It shall be taken permissible to take
28、test specimens from either end of the coil.7.2.3 Test MethodThe tension test shall be made in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370. For shaped wires,cross sectional area shall be calculated either by using the procedure in Test Methods E8/E8M for uniform but nonsymmetricalcross-sections
29、, or by measuring width and thickness and multiplying by a shape factor. Reduction of area for shaped wires shallbe calculated by using this shape factor. Measure the maximum and minimum dimension on the necked down section and multiplyby the shape factor to estimate the cross sectional area for use
30、 in the standard reduction of area calculation.A231/A231M 182TABLE 1 Tensile RequirementsASI UnitsDiameter,B mm SI UnitsMPa,min MPa, max Reduction of Areas,min, %C,DMPa, min MPa, max0.50 2060 2260 C0.50 2060 2260 . . .0.55 2050 2240 C0.55 2050 2240 . . .0.60 2030 2220 C0.60 2030 2220 . . .0.65 2010
31、2200 C0.65 2010 2200 . . .0.70 2000 2160 C0.70 2000 2160 . . .0.80 1980 2140 C0.80 1980 2140 . . .0.90 1960 2120 C0.90 1960 2120 . . .1.00 1940 2100 C1.00 1940 2100 . . .1.10 1920 2080 C1.10 1920 2080 . . .1.20 1900 2060 C1.20 1900 2060 . . .1.40 1860 2020 C1.40 1860 2020 . . .1.60 1820 1980 C1.60 1
32、820 1980 . . .1.80 1800 1960 C1.80 1800 1960 . . .2.00 1780 1930 C2.00 1780 1930 . . .2.20 1750 1900 C2.20 1750 1900 . . .2.50 1720 1860 452.80 1680 1830 453.00 1660 1800 453.50 1620 1760 454.00 1580 1720 404.50 1560 1680 405.00 1520 1640 405.50 1480 1620 406.00 1460 1600 406.50 1440 1580 407.00 142
33、0 1560 408.00 1400 1540 409.00 1380 1520 4010.00 1360 1500 4011.00 1340 1480 4012.00 1320 1460 40Inch-Pound UnitsDiameter,B in. Inch-PoundUnits Reduction ofArea, min %Diameter,B in. ksi, min. ksi, max Reduction of Area, min%C,Dksi, min. ksi, max0.020 300 325 C0.020 300 325 . . .0.032 290 315 C0.032
34、290 315 . . .0.041 280 305 C0.041 280 305 . . .0.054 270 295 C0.054 270 295 . . .0.062 265 290 C0.062 265 290 . . .0.080 255 275 C0.080 255 275 . . .0.105 245 265 450.135 235 255 450.162 225 245 400.192 220 240 40A231/A231M 1837.2.4 Upon agreement between purchaser and supplier, the shape factor for
35、 the cross section design provided by the wire millshall be permissible to be adopted for use. In other situations, if the shape factor is not available from the wire mill, the shape factorshall be calculated by measuring the cross sectional area in accordance with Test Methods E8/E8M and dividing b
36、y the width andthickness.7.3 Wrap Test:7.3.1 Oil tempered or cold drawn wire 4.00 mm 0.157 in. and smaller in diameter shall wind on itself as an arbor withoutbreakage. Larger diameter wire up to and including 8.00 mm 0.315 in. in diameter shall wrap without breakage on a mandreltwice the wire diame
37、ter. The wrap test is not applicable to wire over 8.00 mm 0.315 in. in diameter or to shaped or flat rolledwires.7.3.2 Number of TestsOne test specimen shall be taken for each ten coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot. Each heat in a givenlot shall be tested.7.3.3 Location of TestTest specimens It sh
38、all be taken permissible to take test specimens from either end of the coil.7.3.4 Test MethodThe wrap test shall be made in accordance with SupplementAnnex A4.7 of Test Methods and DefinitionsA370.8. Metallurgical Properties8.1 Surface Condition:8.1.1 The surface of the wire as received shall be fre
39、e of seams, pits, die marks, scratches, and other surface imperfections thatare deeper than 3.5 % of the wire diameter, or 0.25 mm 0.25 mm 0.010 in., whichever is the smaller as measured on a transversesection. The wire shall be free of rust and excessive scale.8.1.2 Number of TestsOne test specimen
40、 shall be taken for each ten coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot. Each heat in a givenlot shall be tested.8.1.3 Location of TestTest specimens shall be taken from either or both ends of the coil.8.1.4 Test MethodThe surface shall be examined after etching in a solution of equal parts of hydrochlori
41、c acid and water thathas been heated to approximately 80C for up to two minutes in order to remove the oxide scale layer from the wire surface. Testends shall be examined using 10 magnification.Any specimen showing the presence of a questionable surface imperfection shallhave a transverse section ta
42、ken from the unetched area, properly mounted and polished and examined to measure the depth of theimperfection.8.2 Decarburization:SI UnitsDiameter,B mm SI UnitsMPa,min MPa, max Reduction of Areas,min, %C,DMPa, min MPa, max0.244 210 230 400.283 205 225 400.312 203 223 400.375 200 220 400.438 195 215
43、 400.500 190 210 40A Tensile strength values for intermediate diameters may be interpolated.B Preferred sizes. For a complete list, refer to ANSI B 32.4M.C The reduction of area test is not applicable to wire diameters under 2.34 mm0.092 in. in diameter. For intermediate wire diameters, the reductio
44、n of arearequirement shall be that of the next larger wire.D “. . .” indicates that there is no requirement.TABLE 2 Chemical RequirementsElement Analysis, %Element Analysis, %Carbon 0.480.53Manganese 0.700.90Phosphorus 0.035 maxSulfur 0.040 maxSilicon 0.150.35Chromium 0.801.10Vanadium 0.15 minA231/A
45、231M 1848.2.1 The depth of complete decarburization (free ferrite) shall not exceed 0.75 % of the equivalent round wire diameter. Thetotal affected depth (free ferrite plus partial decarburization) shall not exceed 2 %2.0 % of the equivalent round wire diameter onall sizes of wire.8.2.2 Test MethodD
46、ecarburization shall be determined by etching a suitably polished transverse section of the wire with nital.The entire periphery to be examined shall be in a single plane with no edge rounding.8.2.3 The entire periphery shall be examined at a magnification of no less than 100 for depth of free ferri
47、te and total affecteddepth. Smaller wire diameters may require higher magnification. Measure the worst area present excluding decarburizationassociated with any surface imperfections. Complete decarburization exists when only free ferrite is present. Partial decarburiza-tion exists when ferrite is f
48、ound mixed with pearlite or tempered martensite, depending on the wire processing.8.2.4 Decarburization shall be checked on annealed wire by giving a wire sample an austenitize, oil quench and temper heattreatment. A flat shall be ground on the test sample prior to heat treatment. The flat shall hav
49、e a minimum width equal to one halfof the wire diameter. Any decarburization visible on this ground section shall necessitate a retest with new samples. If nodecarburization is visible on the ground flat after heat treatment, evaluate the complete wire section in accordance with 7.2.38.2.3.9. Dimensions and Permissible Variations9.1 The permissible variations in the diameter of the wire shall be as specified in Table 3.10. Workmanship and Appearance10.1 Annealed and Cold DrawnThe wire shall not be kinked or i
