1、Designation: A 677 07Standard Specification forNonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 677; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements towhich flat-rolled nonoriented fully processed electrical steelshall conform.1
3、.2 This steel is produced to specified maximum core-lossvalues and is intended primarily for commercial power fre-quency (50- and 60-Hz) applications in magnetic devices.Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are devel-oped during mill processing, so additional heat treatment bythe use
4、r is usually not necessary.1.3 These nonoriented fully processed electrical steels arelow-carbon, silicon-iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys con-taining up to about 3.5 % silicon and a small amount ofaluminum.1.4 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units are to be regarded as
5、standard. The values givenin parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units whichare provided for information only and are not consideredstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 34/A 34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Test-ing of Magnetic MaterialsA 340 Terminology of Symbo
6、ls and Definitions Relating toMagnetic TestingA 343/A 343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag-netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies UsingWattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm EpsteinTest FrameA 664 Practice for Identification of Standard ElectricalSteel Grades in ASTM Specif
7、icationsA 700 Practices for Packaging, Marking, and LoadingMethods for Steel Products for ShipmentA 717/A 717M Test Method for Surface Insulation Resis-tivity of Single-Strip SpecimensA 719/A 719M Test Method for Lamination Factor of Mag-netic MaterialsA 720/A 720M Test Method for Ductility of Nonor
8、ientedElectrical SteelA 937/A 937M Test Method for Determining InterlaminarResistance of Insulating Coatings Using Two AdjacentTest SurfacesA 971 Test Method for Measuring Edge Taper and Crownof Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel CoilsA 976 Classification of Insulating Coatings for ElectricalSteels by Com
9、position, Relative Insulating Ability andApplicationE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of MetallicMaterialsE92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Mate-rialsE 140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals RelationshipAmong Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, RockwellHardness, Superficial Ha
10、rdness, Knoop Hardness, andScleroscope Hardness3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms and symbols used in this speci-fication are defined in Terminology A 340.4. Classification4.1 The nonoriented electrical steel types described by thisspecification are as shown in Table 1.5. Ordering Information5.1
11、 Orders for material under this specification shall includeas much of the following information as necessary to describethe desired material adequately:5.1.1 ASTM specification number.5.1.2 Core-loss type number.5.1.3 Surface coating type.5.1.4 Thickness, width, and length (if in cut lengths instead
12、of coils).1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 onMagnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02 onMaterial Specifications.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition appr
13、oved in 2005 as A 67705e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100
14、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.5 Total weight of ordered item.5.1.6 Limitations in coil size or lift weights.5.1.7 End UseThe user shall disclose as much pertinentinformation as possible about the intended application toenable the producer to prov
15、ide material characteristics mostsuitable for specific fabricating practices.5.1.8 Special requirements or exceptions to the provisionsof this specification.6. Manufacture6.1 Typical Melting and Casting:6.1.1 These fully processed electrical steels may be made bybasic-oxygen, electric-furnace, or ot
16、her steelmaking practice.6.1.2 These electrical steels are characterized by low car-bon, usually less than 0.020 %. The principal alloying elementis commonly silicon, but aluminum up to about 0.8 % issometimes used instead of or in addition to silicon, dependingon mill-processing practice for the de
17、sired magnetic grade.Individual producers will often have different silicon or alumi-num contents for a particular grade because of intrinsicmill-processing procedures.6.1.3 Sulfur content is typically less than 0.025 % and isusually lowest in the numbered types representing lowest coreloss. Mangane
18、se is typically present in amounts between 0.10and 0.40 %. Phosphorus, copper, nickel, chromium, molybde-num, antimony, and tin are usually present only in residualamounts except in the higher numbered core-loss types inwhich phosphorus up to 0.15 % and tin or antimony up to0.10 % may be present.6.1
19、.4 The producer is not required to report chemicalcomposition of each lot except when a clear need for suchinformation has been shown. In such cases, the analyses to bereported shall be negotiated between the producer and the user.6.2 Typical Rolling and AnnealingThe processing se-quence for fully p
20、rocessed, nonoriented electrical steel com-prises hot-rolling, annealing, pickling, cold-rolling, and decar-burizing annealing.6.3 When changes in the manufacture of the material arebelieved to exert possible significant effects upon the usersfabricating practices and upon the magnetic performance t
21、o beobtained in the specified end use, the producer shall notify theuser before shipment is made so the user has an opportunity toevaluate the effects.7. Magnetic Properties7.1 Specific Core LossEach core-loss type of electricalsteel is identified by a maximum core-loss limit as shown inTable 1.7.2
22、PermeabilityThe permeability at all inductions shallbe as high as possible, consistent with the required core-losslimits that govern the grade. Typical relative peak permeability(p) values are given in Appendix X1.7.3 Specific Exciting PowerThe rms exciting power re-quired for the excitation of a pa
23、rticular type of electrical steelis frequently useful to the user. Typical values of specificexciting power are given in Appendix X1.7.4 Magnetic AgingAlthough steel sold to this specifica-tion is considered non-aging, the maximum core-loss values ofTable 1 are based on tests of freshly sheared spec
24、imens. Theguarantee of magnetic properties after an aging treatment issubject to negotiation between the user and the producer. Thedefinition of aging coefficient and the aging treatments usuallyspecified are given in Terminology A 340.8. Surface Insulation Characteristics8.1 Unless otherwise specif
25、ied, fully processed nonorientedelectrical steels are supplied with a smooth surface finish anda thin, tightly adherent surface oxide (Coating Type C-0 inClassification A 976) which has sufficient insulating ability formost small cores.8.2 Applied Coatings:8.2.1 Several types of thin, tightly adhere
26、nt applied coatings(Coating Types C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-6 in ClassificationA 976)with higher levels of insulating ability are available on fullyprocessed nonoriented electrical steels. If an applied coating isneeded, the user shall specify the coating type.8.2.2 If the insulating ability of the appli
27、ed coating isunusually critical to the application, the user shall specify notonly the coating type, but also the test method (either TestMethod A 717/A 717M or Test Method A 937/A 937M) andTABLE 1 Core-Loss TypesAand Maximum Core LossesBat a Magnetic Flux Density of 15 kG (1.5 T) and 60 HzCfor As-S
28、heared Epstein SpecimensD0.0140-in. (0.36-mm) Thickness 0.0185-in. (0.47-mm) Thickness 0.0250-in. (0.64-mm) ThicknessCore-Loss TypeMaximum Core Loss,W/lb (W/kg)Core-Loss TypeMaximum Core Loss,W/lb (W/kg)Core-Loss TypeMaximum Core Loss,W/lb (W/kg)36F145 1.45 (3.20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、36F155 1.55 (3.42) 47F165 1.65 (3.64) 64F200 2.00 (4.41)36F165 1.65 (3.64) 47F180 1.80 (3.97) 64F210 2.10 (4.63)36F175 1.75 (3.86) 47F190 1.90 (4.19) 64F225 2.25 (4.96)36F185 1.85 (4.08) 47F200 2.00 (4.41) 64F235 2.35 (5.18)36F195 1.95 (4.30) 47F210 2.10 (4.63) 64F250 2.50 (5.51)36F205 2.05 (4.52) 4
30、7F240 2.40 (5.29) 64F275 2.75 (6.06). . . . . . . . . 47F280 2.80 (6.17) 64F320 3.20 (7.05). . . . . . . . . 47F400 4.00 (8.82) 64F500 5.00 (11.02). . . . . . . . . 47F450 4.50 (9.92) 64F550 5.50 (12.13)ASee Practice A 664.BThe test density shall be the correct ASTM assumed density (in accordance wi
31、th 14.2) for the chemistry used by the producer to meet the property requirements ofthe specification.CMaximum core losses at a magnetic flux density of 15 kG (1.5 T) and 50 Hz are 0.79 times maximum core losses at 60 Hz.DOne half of strips cut parallel to the steel rolling direction, one half of st
32、rips cut perpendicular to the steel rolling direction.A677072test conditions to be used to evaluate the insulating ability ofthe coating, as well as the corresponding minimum value ofinsulating ability.8.2.3 A thinner-than-usual applied coating may be preferredwhen the core-fabricating practice invo
33、lves welding or diecasting. In such cases, the coating type shall be suffixed by theletter “A.”9. Mechanical Requirements9.1 Lamination FactorThe lamination factor shall be ashigh as practicable. It is greatest for thicker gages and when thesurface is smooth, uncoated, and without significant amount
34、sof oxide. Lamination factors can be determined using TestMethodA 719/A 719M. Typical values of lamination factor aregiven in Appendix X1.9.2 DuctilityThe material shall be as ductile as possible.When required, the ductility can be determined by the bend testfor ductility as described in Test Method
35、 A 720/A 720M.Ductility is a function of microstructure and may differbetween producers. The users anneal may also affect ductility.Typical values for ductility are given in Appendix X1.9.3 HardnessThe hardness of these materials can bedetermined using Test Methods E18 or Test Method E92.Hardness is
36、 affected by chemistry and by the grain size andmicrostructure of the final product. Typical values for thehardness of “as-produced” materials are given inAppendix X1.10. Dimensions and Permissible Variations10.1 ThicknessSpecified thickness should be one of thecommon thicknesses as follows:Thicknes
37、s, in. (mm)0.0140 (0.36)0.0185 (0.47)0.0250 (0.64)10.2 Thickness VariationsThe average thickness of thematerial supplied shall be as close as possible to the orderedthickness. Measurements made with a contacting micrometerat points no closer than38 in. (10 mm) from the edge of a sheetor coil of spec
38、ified width shall not differ from the specifiedthickness by more than the values (which include taper) shownin Table 2.10.3 TaperThe rolling of flat-rolled sheets inherentlyproduces an edge which is thinner than the rest of the sheet.This characteristic is termed “tapered edge,” “feather,” orgamma a
39、nd occurs primarily within 1 to 2 in. (25 to 51 mm)from the as-rolled edge of the material. The thickness variationinvolved in edge taper sometimes is the major portion of thetotal overall thickness variation permitted by 10.2. Edge taperis defined and may be measured in accordance with TestMethod A
40、 971. It may be expected that the following limits onthe differences in thickness measured along a straight lineperpendicular to the mill edge within the first 2 in. (50 mm) orless from either edge of the ordered width will apply:Ordered Thickness, in. (mm) Maximum Taper, in. (mm)0.0140 (0.36) 0.001
41、0 (0.025)0.0185 (0.47) 0.0012 (0.030)0.0250 (0.64) 0.0014 (0.036)10.4 Width TolerancesMaximum deviations from the or-dered width shall be as shown in Table 3.10.5 Length TolerancesThe maximum deviations fromthe ordered length shall be as shown in Table 4.10.6 CamberCamber is the greatest deviation o
42、f a sideedge from a straight line, the measurement being taken on theconcave side with a straightedge. It is limited to14 in. (6.4 mm)per 96 in. (2.4 m) of length.10.7 Out of SquareThis tolerance applies to cut lengthsonly and represents the deviation of an edge from a straight lineplaced at a right
43、 angle to the side, touching one corner andextending to the other side. It shall not exceed116 in. (1.6 mm)per 6 in. (152 mm) of width or fraction thereof.11. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance11.1 FlatnessAdequately defining the degree of flatnessnecessary for the general application of fully proce
44、ssed elec-trical steel sheets is extremely difficult; therefore, no specificlimits for flatness have been established.11.1.1 It is intended that flatness shall be suitable for theintended application, and consequently, the user should informthe producer of any requirements for a degree of flatness m
45、orecritical than that obtained from usual commercial practices.Processes used to improve flatness may affect magnetic andmechanical properties.11.1.2 Commercial practices recognize that sharp, shortwaves and buckles are objectionable.11.1.3 Procedures for judging the degree of critical flatnessneces
46、sary shall be subject to negotiation between user andproducer.11.2 Surface ImperfectionsThe surface shall be reason-ably clean and essentially free of manufacturing defects such asholes, blisters, slivers, indentations, and so forth, which wouldinterfere with its effective use in the intended applic
47、ation.12. Sampling12.1 The producer shall assign a number to each test lot foridentification. The test lot shall not exceed 20 000 lb (9100 kg)in weight.12.2 Test samples shall be obtained after final mill heattreatment or other operation which is the final operation to havesignificant influence on
48、the magnetic properties of fully pro-cessed electrical steel.12.3 The full width coil identified as a test lot shall besampled in accordance with Practice A 34/A 34M.TABLE 2 Thickness TolerancesSpecified Thickness, in. (mm)Thickness Tolerances, Over or Under, in. (mm) for Specified Width, in. (mm)6
49、(0.15) and UnderOver 6 (0.15) to12 (0.30), incl.Over 12 (0.30) to36 (0.91), incl.Over 36 (0.91) to48 (1.22). incl.0.014 (0.36) to 0.020 (0.51), incl 0.0015 (0.038) 0.002 (0.051) 0.002 (0.051) 0.003 (0.076)0.021 (0.53) to 0.031 (0.79), incl 0.002 (0.051) 0.002 (0.051) 0.003 (0.076) 0.003 (0.076)A67707313. Specimen Preparation13.1 The Epstein test specimen shall be in the as-shearedcondition with one-half of the test strips sheared parallel to andone-half transverse to the rolling direction in accordance withPractice A 34/A 34M.13.2 Care should be practiced to e
