1、Designation: A781/A781M 14aA781/A781M 14bStandard Specification forCastings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, forGeneral Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that are mandatory requirements o
3、f the following steel castingspecifications issued byASTM. If the product specification specifies different requirements, the product specification shall prevail.ASTMDesignation Title of SpecificationA27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic Mangan
4、eseA148/A148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-posesA297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for GeneralApplicationA447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA494/A494M Castings, Nickel and
5、 Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,Corrosion Resistant, for General ApplicationA744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, CorrosionResistant, for SevereA747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-ingA890/A890
6、M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-MolybdenumCorrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)for General ApplicationA915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with TensileRequirements, Chemical Requireme
7、nts Similiarto Standard Wrought GradesA1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired
8、 and apply only when specifiedindividually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 The requirements of the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as sta
9、ndard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification for Steel Casti
10、ngs, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.18on Castings.Current edition appr
11、oved May 1, 2014Oct. 1, 2014. Published June 2014October 2014. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asA781/A781M 14.A781/A781M 14a. DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-14A.10.1520/A0781_A0781M-14B.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactAST
12、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made
13、 to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Su
14、mmary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A148/A148M Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural PurposesA297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings
15、, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA447/A447M Specification for Steel Castings
16、, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and PersonnelA494/A494M Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA609/A609M Prac
17、tice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination ThereofA743/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA744/A744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant
18、, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation HardeningA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA800/A800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA802/A802M Practice for S
19、teel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Visual ExaminationA890/A890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General ApplicationA915/A915M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, andAlloy, Chemical Requirements Similar
20、to Standard Wrought GradesA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and FerroalloysA958 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Similar toStandard Wrought GradesA967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatme
21、nts for Stainless Steel PartsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel ProductsA1002 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered AlloyA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsMetricA1067 Specification for Test
22、Coupons for Steel CastingsA1080 Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloy CastingsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Pa
23、rticle Indications on Ferrous CastingsE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. (50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE340 Test Method
24、for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless, Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-IronAlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, andCobalt AlloysE446 Refere
25、nce Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingA781/A781M 14b23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370, Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751, TerminologyA941, and Test Methods for M
26、echanical Testing of Steel Products Metric A1058 are applicable to this specification and thoselisted in 1.1.3.1.2 test coupon, nthe part from which the test specimen will be extracted.3.1.3 test specimen, nthe part that will be acted upon in a test.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Melting ProcessThe
27、 steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric furnace process with or without separate refining, suchas argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unless otherwise specified in the individual specification.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of a furnace that has b
28、een surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA991/A991M.4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above 2000F 1100C, then the working zone shall have been establishedby a survey performed at not more than 25F 15C below nor more than 200F 110C above the minimum heat treatmenttemperature spec
29、ified for the grade. If a minimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for the grade, then the surveytemperature shall be not more than 50F 30C below nor more than 175F 100C above the furnace set point used.4.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature as determined by the difference be
30、tween the highest temperature and thelowest temperature shall be as agreed between the purchaser and producer except that during production heat treatment, no portionof the furnace shall be below the minimum specified temperature nor above the maximum specified temperature for the grade beingprocess
31、ed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materials covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices, and Terminology A751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the element
32、sspecified in the individual specification for the grade being poured. The analysis shall be made from a test sample preferably takenduring the pouring of the heat. When drillings are used, they shall be taken not less than 14 in. 6.4 mm beneath the surface. Thechemical composition thus determined s
33、hall conform to the requirements in the individual specification for the grade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made by the purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, or casting.The analysis shall be made on representative material. Samples for carbon analysis sha
34、ll be taken no closer than 14 in. 6 mm toa cast surface, except that castings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representative material. The chemical composition thusdetermined shall meet the requirements specified in the applicable specification for the grade involved, or shall be subject tore
35、jection by the purchaser, except that the chemical composition determined for carbon and low alloy steel and stainless steelcastings may vary from the specified limits by the amounts shown in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The product analysis tolerancesof Tables 1 and 2 are not applicable as acceptan
36、ce criteria for heat analysis by the casting manufacturer. When comparing productand heat analysis for other than carbon and low alloy steels and stainless steels, the reproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E353or E354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.5.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen
37、chemical analysis for elements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, SupplementaryRequirement S13 may be specified.5.5 Grade SubstitutionGrade substitution is not permitted. Grade substitution occurs when the material being suppliedcontains one or more elements that are not specified for t
38、he supplied material such that the material conforms to the requirementsof a different grade.6. Mechanical Test Requirements6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to whether mechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determinespecific test requirements, the individual product
39、specification should be reviewed.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, when mechanical properties are required by the product specification, testcoupons may be cast integrally with the castings, or as separate blocks, in accordance with A1067, Fig. 1, Fig. 2 or Fig. 4, exceptwhen Suppleme
40、ntary Requirement S15 is specified. The test coupon in A1067, Fig. 4, shall be employed only for austenitic alloycastings with cross sections less than 212 in. 65 mm.33 Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on test coupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtaine
41、d from the casting may be found inThe Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders Society of America, pp.15-35 through 15-43,1980.A781/A781M 14b36.3 Choice of testing track from the options listed in Test Methods A1058 when material is ordered to an M suffix (SI units)product standard, sho
42、uld be identified by the purchaser in the ordering information. If the choice of test track is not specified inthe order, then the default ASTM track shall be used as noted in Test Methods A1058.6.4 The coupon from which the test specimen is taken shall be heat treated in production furnaces to the
43、same procedure as thecastings it represents.6.5 The specimens may be cast to shape or machined from coupons to dimensions in accordance with Test Methods andDefinitions A370.6.6 If any specimen shows defective machining or develops flaws, it may be discarded and another substituted from the samemast
44、er heat.6.7 To determine conformance with the tension test requirements, an observed value or calculated value shall be rounded offin accordance with Practice E29 to the nearest 0.5 ksi 5 MPa for yield and tensile strength and to the nearest 1 % for elongationand reduction of area. In the special ca
45、se of rounding the number “5” when no additional numbers other than “0” follow the “5,”rounding shall be done in the direction of the specification limits if following Practice E29 would cause rejection of material.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike
46、 manner and shall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by thepurchaser before manufacture is started. If the pattern is supplied by the purchaser, the dimensions of the casting shall be aspredicated by the pattern.8. Quality8.1 The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering sand, sc
47、ale, cracks, and hot tears as determined by visual examination.Other surface discontinuities shall meet the visual acceptance standards specified in the order. Practice A802/A802M or othervisual standards may be used to define acceptable surface discontinuities and finish. Unacceptable visual surfac
48、e discontinuitiesshall be removed and their removal verified by visual examination of the resultant cavities.TABLE 1 Product Analysis TolerancesCarbon and Low AlloySteelsElement Range, %A TolerancesB ,C OverMaximum or UnderMinimum Limit, %C up to 0.65above 0.650.03 % CL + 0.020.04Mn up to 1above 10.
49、08 % MnL + 0.010.09Si up to 0.60above 0.600.22 % SiL 0.010.15P all 0.13 % PL + 0.005S all 0.36 % SL + 0.001Ni up to 2 0.10 % NiL + 0.03above 2 0.25Cr up to 2above 20.07 % CrL + 0.040.18Mo up to 0.6above 0.60.04 % MoL + 0.030.06V up to 0.25above 0.250.23 % VL + 0.0040.06W up to 0.10above 0.100.08 % WL + 0.020.02Cu up to 0.15above 0.150.18 % CuL + 0.020.05Al up to 0.10above 0.100.08 % AlL + 0.020.03A The range denotes the composition limits up to which tolerances are computedby the equation, and above whic
