1、Designation: B394 18Standard Specification forNiobium and Niobium Alloy Seamless and Welded Tubes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B394; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers wrought niobium and niobiumalloy seamless and welded tubes as follows:1.1.1 R04200-Type 1Reactor grade unal
3、loyed niobium,1.1.2 R04210-Type 2Commercial grade unalloyedniobium,1.1.3 R04251-Type 3Reactor grade niobium alloy contain-ing 1 % zirconium, and1.1.4 R04261-Type 4Commercial grade niobium alloycontaining 1 % zirconium.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The value
4、s given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion of this specification. This standard doesnot purport to address all of the safety conce
5、rns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environ-mental practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with inte
6、rnationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B391
7、 Specification for Niobium and Niobium Alloy IngotsE8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-terialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE2626 Guide for Spectrometric Analysis of Reactive andRefractory Metals (Withdrawn 2017)3
8、3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 lot, na lot shall consist of all material produced fromthe same ingot at one time, with the same cross section,processed with the same nominal metallurgical parameters andheat treated at the same conditions.4. Ordering Informatio
9、n4.1 Orders for materials under this specification shall in-clude the following information as applicable:4.1.1 Type and grade (Section 1),4.1.2 ASTM designation and year of issue,4.1.3 Welding (Section 5),4.1.4 Quantity in weight, number of pieces, and dimensions,4.1.5 Chemistry (6.3),4.1.6 Temper
10、designation (Section 8),4.1.7 Permissible variations in length and quantity or weight(9.2, 9.4, and Table 1B),4.1.8 Quality and finish (10.4),4.1.9 Sampling (11.2),4.1.10 Hydrostatic or pneumatic test (14.2),4.1.11 Inspection (Section 15),4.1.12 Required reports (Section 17), and4.1.13 Additions to
11、the specification and supplementaryrequirements, as required.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Material covered by this specification shall be madefrom ingots that conform to Specification B391 and that areproduced by vacuum or plasma arc melting, vacuum electron-beam melting, or a combination of thes
12、e three methods.5.2 Seamless tubes may be made by any seamless methodthat will yield a product meeting the requirements of thisspecification, such as, but not limited to, extrusion of billets1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B10 onReactive and Refractory Metals and Allo
13、ys and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee B10.03 on Niobium and Tantalum.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published May 2018. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as B394 091which waswithdrawn January 2018 and reinstated in April 2018. DOI: 10.1520/B0394
14、-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is
15、 referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
16、for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1with subsequent cold working by drawing, swaging, orpilgering, with intermediate anneals, until the final dimensionsare reached.5.3 Welded tub
17、ing shall be made from flat-rolled productsby an automatic or semiautomatic welding process with noaddition of filler metal in the welding operation. Other methodsof welding, such as the addition of filler metal or hand welding,may be employed if approved by the purchaser and tested bymethods agreed
18、 upon between the manufacturer and thepurchaser. The manufacturer must use proper precautions toprevent contamination during welding.6. Chemical Requirements6.1 The niobium and niobium alloy ingots and billets forconversion to finished products covered by this specificationshall conform to the requi
19、rements for chemical composition asprescribed in Table 2.6.2 The manufacturers ingot analysis shall be consideredthe chemical analysis for products supplied under thisspecification, except for interstitials as specified in 6.3.Alternately, an analysis of a representative sample of in processor final
20、 product from the same ingot may be substituted.6.3 When requested by the purchaser at the time ofpurchase, the manufacturer shall furnish a report certifying thevalues of the interstitial elements (C, O, N, H) on end productas prescribed in Table 3 for each lot of material supplied. Endproduct inte
21、rstitial samples must be taken after all thermal andchemical processing.6.4 Guide E2626 is recommended as a guide, where appli-cable.7. Mechanical Requirements7.1 The annealed materials supplied under this specificationshall conform to the requirements for mechanical properties asspecified in Table
22、4.8. Temper Designations8.1 Unless otherwise stated, the materials supplied underthese specifications shall be in the fully annealed condition,that is, at least 90 % recrystallized.TABLE 1 Permissible Variations in Diameter and Wall ThicknessMeasured at any LocationANominal Outside Diameter,in. (mm)
23、BVariation inOutsideDiameter,Over andUnder, in.(mm)BVariation inInsideDiameter,Over andUnder, in.(mm)CVariation inWall Thickness,Over andUnder, %C,D0.187 to 0.625 (4.7 to 15.9), excl 0.004 (0.010) 0.004 (0.010) 100.625 to 1.000 (15.9 to 25.4), excl 0.005 (0.13) 0.005 (0.13) 101.000 to 2.000 (25.4 to
24、 50.8), excl 0.0075 (0.19) 0.0075 (0.19) 102.000 to 3.000 (50.8 to 76.2), excl 0.010 (0.25) 0.010 (0.25) 103.000 to 4.000 (76.2 to 101.6), excl 0.0125 (0.32) 0.0125 (0.32) 10AThese tolerances are applicable to only two dimensions, such as outsidediameter and wall, or inside diameter and wall, or out
25、side diameter and insidediameter.BFor applicable tolerances for very small tubes, less than 0.187 in. (4.9 mm) inoutside diameter, or very thin wall tubes, less than 0.010 in. (0.25 mm), theproducer should be consulted.CWhen tubes as ordered require wall thicknesses34 in. (19.05 mm) or over, or anin
26、side diameter 60 % or less of the outside diameter, a wider variation in wallthickness is required. On such sizes, a variation in wall thickness of 12.5 % overand under will be permitted.DOvality measured at any cross section: For tubes with nominal wall thicknessless than 3 % of the nominal outside
27、 diameter, the ovality tolerance is double thetolerance shown in the second and third columns.TABLE 2 Chemical RequirementsElementType 1(ReactorGradeUnalloyedNiobium)R04200Type 2(CommercialGradeUnalloyedNiobium)R04210Type 3(Reactor GradeNiobium1 %Zirconium)R04251Type 4(CommercialGradeNiobium1 %Zirco
28、nium)R04261Max Weight % (Except Where Otherwise Specified)Each ingot:Carbon 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Nitrogen 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Oxygen 0.015 0.025 0.015 0.025Hydrogen 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015Zirconium 0.02 0.02 0.8 to 1.2(range)0.8to1.2(range)Tantalum 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.5Iron 0.005 0.01 0.005 0.01Silicon 0
29、.005 0.005 0.005 0.005Tungsten 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.05Nickel 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005Molybdenum 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.050Hafnium 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02Titanium 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03When specified:Boron 2 ppm . 2 ppm .Aluminum 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.005Beryllium 0.005 . 0.005 .Chromium 0.002 . 0.002 .Cobalt 0.002 .
30、 0.002 .B394 1828.2 Other temper designations, such as cold-worked temperor stress-relieved temper, can be specified as agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the manufacturer at the time ofpurchase.9. Permissible Variations in Dimensions and Weight9.1 Diameter and Wall ThicknessThe permissible varia-
31、tions in diameter and wall thickness of the tubes shall notexceed those prescribed in Table 1.9.2 LengthWhen tube is ordered cut to length, the useablelength shall not be less than that specified, but a variation of+18 in. (3.18 mm) will be permitted for lengths up to 6 ft (1.8m). For lengths over 6
32、 ft, a variation of +14 in. (6.4 mm) willbe permitted, unless otherwise specified at the time of pur-chase.9.3 StraightnessThe tube shall be free of bends or kinks,and the maximum bow shall not exceed values shown in Table5.9.4 Quantity or WeightFor orders requiring up to 100 ft(30.5 m) of finished
33、tubing, the manufacturer may overship by20 %. When the order is for quantities up to 1000 ft (305 m) or1000 lb (453.6 kg), the manufacturer may overship by 10 %.The permissible overshipment shall be negotiated for orderslarger than this quantity.10. Quality and Finish10.1 Finished niobium and niobiu
34、m alloy tubes shall be freeof injurious internal and external imperfections of a nature thatwill interfere with the purpose for which it was intended.10.2 The finished tubes shall be visibly free of oxide,grease, oil, residual lubricants, and other extraneous materials.10.3 The finished tubes shall
35、be free of cracks, seams,slivers, burrs, blisters, and other injurious imperfections ex-ceeding 10 % of the nominal wall thickness.10.4 Methods of testing for these defects and standards ofacceptability shall be as agreed upon between the manufacturerand the purchaser.11. Sampling11.1 Samples for ch
36、emical and mechanical testing shall betaken from the finished material after all metallurgical process-ing to determine conformity to this specification. The samplesmay be taken prior to final inspection and minor surfaceconditioning by abrasion and pickling, and shall be represen-tative of the fini
37、shed product.11.2 Care shall be exercised to ensure that the sampleselected for testing is representative of the material and that itis not contaminated by the sampling procedure. If there is anyquestion relating to the sampling technique or the analysisthereof, the methods of sampling and analysis
38、shall be asagreed upon between the purchaser and the manufacturer.12. Number of Tests and Retests12.1 Two samples from each lot of tubes shall be tested forflare and tensile properties in the longitudinal direction.12.2 When hydrostatic or pneumatic testing is required, alltubes in the lot shall be
39、tested.12.3 If end-product chemical tests are required (6.3), onechemical test shall be made from each lot of finished product.12.4 RetestsIf any sample or specimen exhibits obvioussurface contamination or improper preparation, disqualifying itas a truly representative sample, it shall be discarded
40、and a newsample or specimen substituted.12.4.1 In case of a failure, retest two additional specimens.If both retest specimens conform to this specification, discardthe original values and consider the material acceptable;otherwise, the lot shall be rejected or reworked and tested.12.5 If the results
41、 of the final tube inspections are not inconformance with the requirements of this specification, the lotmay be reworked at the option of the manufacturer. The lotshall be acceptable if results of all tests, after reworking,conform to this specification.13. Significance of Numerical Limits13.1 For t
42、he purposes of determining compliance with thespecified limits for requirements of the properties listed in thisTABLE 3 Additional Chemical Requirements for Finished Product(When Specified by Purchaser)ElementType 1(Reactor GradeUnalloyedNiobium)R04200Type 2(CommercialGradeUnalloyedNiobium)R04210Typ
43、e 3(Reactor GradeNiobium1 %Zirconium)R04251Type 4(CommercialGradeNiobium1 %Zirconium)R04261Max Weight %Oxygen 0.0250 0.0400 0.0250 0.0400Carbon 0.0100 0.0150 0.0100 0.0150Nitrogen 0.0100 0.0100 0.0100 0.0100Hydrogen 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015TABLE 4 Mechanical Properties for Material, Annealed Cond
44、ition(90 % Minimum Recrystallized)GradeUltimateTensileStrength, min,psi (MPa)Yield Strength(0.2 % offset),min,psi (MPa)Elongation in1-in. (25-mm)gage length,min, %Type1welded18 000 (125) 10 500 (73) 25Type1seamless18 000 (125) 8500 (59) 25Type2welded18 000 (125) 10 500 (73) 25Type2seamless18 000 (12
45、5) 8500 (59) 25Type 3 28 000 (195) 18 000 (125) 20Type 4 28 000 (195) 18 000 (125) 20TABLE 5 StraightnessLength, ft (m) Maximum Curvature Depth of ArcOver 3 to 6 (0.91 to 1.83), incl18 in. (3.2 mm)Over 6 to 8 (1.83 to 2.44), incl316 in. (4.8 mm)Over 8 to 10 (2.44 to 3.05), incl14 in. (6.4 mm)Over 10
46、 (3.05)14 in./any 10 ft (2.1 mm/m)B394 183specification, an observed value or a calculated value shall berounded as indicated in accordance with the rounding methodof Practice E29.14. Test Methods14.1 Tension TestConduct tension tests in accordance withTest Methods E8/E8M. Determine the yield streng
47、th by the0.2 % offset method. Small size, 1-in. (25.4-mm) gage lengthspecimens proportional to the standard specimen can be used.Determine tensile properties using a strain rate of 0.003 to0.007 in./in./min (mm/mm/min) through the yield point. Afterthe yield strength has been exceeded, increase the
48、cross-headspeed to approximately 0.05 in./in./min (mm/mm/min) tofailure.14.2 Hydrostatic and Pneumatic TestThese tests are op-tional. Should the purchaser require either or both of these testson finished tubular product, the requirement must be agreedupon at the time of purchase. The cost of this sp
49、ecial provisionwill be negotiated between the purchaser and the manufacturerat the time of purchase. The procedure for the hydrostatic testis outlined in 14.2.1, and the procedure for the pneumatic testis outlined in 14.2.2. If both tests are specified by thepurchaser, the hydrostatic test will be done first.14.2.1 Hydrostatic TestEach tube so tested shall withstandwithout showing bulges, leaks, or other defects, an internalhydrostatic pressure that will produce in the tube wall a stressof 75 % of the minimum specified yield strength at roomtemperatur
