1、Designation: C428/C428M 05 (Reapproved 2011)1Standard Specification forAsbestos-Cement Nonpressure Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C428/C428M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEUnits information was editorially correct
3、ed in January 2012.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers requirements relating toasbestos-cement nonpressure sewer pipe, joints, and fittingssuitable for use with gravity flow, intended for sewerage anddrainage applications from point of use to point of treatment ordisposal. It defines certain condi
4、tions of manufacture, classifi-cation, characteristics, and acceptance tests applicable to theseproducts.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be
5、 used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.NOTE 1Rubber rings suitable for use with this pipe are covered inSpecification D1869.NOTE 2As general guidance to achieve safe and clean construction-site conditions when working wit
6、h asbestos-cement pipe products, theprocedures covered in AWWA No. M-16 shall be followed.NOTE 3This specification is issued for product standardization andpurchasing purposes only, and does not include requirements for instal-lation or the relationships between operating conditions and the strength
7、characteristics of the various classifications of pipe. The purchaser iscautioned that he must correlate installation and operating conditions withthe specified characteristics of the pipe.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthri
8、sks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile: A Manual on Preventive and Control Mea-
9、sures.”21.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a
10、specific safetyhazard, see 1.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C150 Specification for Portland CementC458 Test Method for Organic Fiber Content of Asbestos-Cement ProductsC500 Test Methods for Asbestos-Cement PipeC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal
11、Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteD1869 Specification for Rubber Rings forAsbestos-CementPipe2.2 Federal Standard:No. 123 Marking for Domestic Shipment (Civilian Agen-cies)42.3 Military Standard:No. 129 Marking for Shipment and Storage42.4 Other Standards:Uniform Freight
12、 Classification Rules51This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories. Specifications C428and C644 have been combined into this one editio
13、n of Specification C428. In thisedition are the results of the work done by the Common Wording Task Force andA/C Sewer Pipe Redesign Task Force. The 1981 edition included the OrderingInformation section (Section 5), that is given as an appendix in some AsbestosCement Specifications under Additional
14、Information, and Requirements for non-Asbestos Cement Couplings and Fittings for use with Asbestos Cement Non-Pressure Sewer Pipe.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C428 05 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/C0428_C04
15、28M-05R11E01.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available f
16、rom Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, Attn: NPODS.5Available from the Uniform Classification Commission, Room 1106, 222 S.Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
17、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.National Motor Freight Classification Rules6M-16 Work Practices for Asbestos-Cement Pipe73. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 pipeasbestos-cement nonpressure sewer pipe as de-fined in Sections 1, 3, and 6 of this specificatio
18、n.3.1.2 couplinga section for joining asbestos-cement non-pressure sewer pipe, as defined in 6.3, that when properlyinstalled with the proper accessories, develops an assembledjoint, equivalent in serviceability and strength to the pipesections when tested in accordance with 8.3 of this specifica-ti
19、on.3.1.3 fittingcomponents such as wyes, tees, adaptors, foruse in laying asbestos-cement pipe, such that, when properlyinstalled, yields develops an assembly fitting equivalent inserviceability and strength to the pipe sections.3.2 Lot:3.2.1 A lot is used herein for designated pipe sizes 150 mm6 in
20、. and smaller is defined as those lengths of pipe of thatsize, class, and type manufactured during the same shift.3.2.2 A lot, used herein for designated pipe sizes 200 mm 8in. through 525 mm 21 in., is defined as each 300 lengths ofpipe or less, of identical size, class, and type manufactured oneac
21、h maching during a 24-h period.3.2.3 A lot, used herein for designated pipe sizes larger than525 mm 21 in., is defined as each 300 lengths of pipe or less,of identical size, class, and type manufactured on each machineduring a period of consecutive working days not exceeding 7days.4. Classification4
22、.1 Asbestos-cement pipe furnished under this specificationshall be designated as Classes 1500, 2400, 3300, 4000, 5000,6000, and 7000 based on the respective crushing strengths, andshall be furnished in the designated sizes as shown in Table 1.4.2 The type of pipe shall be designated as Type I or Typ
23、eII in accordance with the chemical requirements of Section 7 ofthis specification.NOTE 4To assist the purchaser in choosing the type of pipe mostsuitable for his use, guidelines for the definitions of aggressiveness ofwater and of soil environments for selection of the proper type ofasbestos-cement
24、 pipe are covered in the appropriate sections of TestMethods C500.5. Ordering Information5.1 It is suggested, without being made a part of thisspecification, that information shall be included in the agree-ment for purchase of pipe, couplings, and fittings as follows:5.1.1 Any tests, in addition to
25、those prescribed by thisspecification, as the special circumstances shall require,5.1.2 The place or places where any additional tests are tobe made,5.1.3 Description of the additional testing facilities,5.1.4 Who shall bear the expense of such additional tests,5.1.5 Whether such additional tests sh
26、all be made by anysound sampling process or other method approved by theparties, and5.1.6 Whether non-asbestos-cement nonpressure sewer cou-plings and fittings shall be provided.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Asbestos-cement pipe shall be made from a homoge-neous mixture of portland cement conformi
27、ng to SpecificationC150 or other suitable inorganic hydraulic binder meetingSpecifications C595 or C618, asbestos fiber and water, with orwithout silica or minerals containing silica that meet Specifi-cation C618, and that can react during autoclaving to formcalcium silicate reaction products, in th
28、e ratio of cement: silicaequal to 3:2. The mixture shall not contain more than 0.2 % ofnondeleterious organic components as determined by TestMethod C458.6.2 The pipe shall be of laminar construction formed underpressure to a homogeneous structure and cured to meet thechemical and physical requireme
29、nts of this specification.6.3 Couplings:6.3.1 Asbestos-cement nonpressure sewer couplings shallbe made in conformance with 6.1 and 6.2 of this specification.6.3.2 Non-asbestos-cement nonpressure sewer couplingsshall be equivalent in serviceability to those couplings definedin 6.3.1 of this specifica
30、tion and shall be installed in accor-dance with the manufacturers recommendations.6.4 Fittings:6.4.1 Asbestos-cement nonpressure sewer fittings shall bemade in conformance with 6.1 and 6.2 of this specification.6.4.2 Non-asbestos-cement nonpressure sewer fittings shallbe equivalent in serviceability
31、 to those fittings defined in 6.4.1of this specification and shall be installed in accordance withthe manufacturers recommendations.6Available from National Motor Freight Traffic Association, Inc. (NMFTA),1001 N. Fairfax St., Suite 600, Alexandria, VA 22314, http:/www.nmfta.org.7Available from Ameri
32、can Water Works Association (AWWA), 6666 W. QuincyAve., Denver, CO 80235, http:/www.awwa.org.TABLE 1 Designated Sizes of Pipes According to ClassesDesignated Size,mm in.ClassesA1500 2400 3300 4000 5000 6000 7000104 XXX1255 XXX1506 XXX208 XXX25010 XXXXX3012 XXXXX35014 XXXXX37515 XXXXX4016 XXXXX45018
33、XXXXXX5020 XXXXXX52521 XXXXXX6024 XXXXXX67527 XXXXX75030 XXXXX8253 XXXX9036 XXXX97539 XXXX1050 42 XXXXAOther classes may be available on special order.C428/C428M 05 (2011)127. Chemical Composition7.1 When tested in accordance with the appropriate sectionsof Test Methods C500, the amount of uncombine
34、d calciumhydroxide shall not exceed 1.0 % for Type II pipe.NOTE 5There are no chemical requirements for Type I pipe.8. Physical Properties8.1 Crushing StrengthCrushing tests shall be conductedbefore shipment. A test specimen cut from an unmachinedportion of the pipe shall have the minimum crushing s
35、trengthprescribed in Table 2, when tested in accordance with 11.3 ofthis specification and the V-Shaped Bearing Method of TestMethods C500.8.2 Flexural StrengthLongitudinal bending tests shall beconducted before shipment. Each length of pipe 3 m 10 ft orlonger, for designated sizes 200 mm 8 in. and
36、less, shall havethe minimum proof flexural strength prescribed in Table 3,when tested in accordance with the appropriate section of TestMethods C500.8.3 Joint TightnessThe tests outlined in this section areconsidered to be one-time qualification tests to establish theadequacy of the manufacturers jo
37、int design. Instead of requir-ing performance of these tests, the purchaser may require themanufacturer to certify that pipes and couplings equivalent inmaterial and design have passed the tests enumerated in thissection. At his own expense, however, the purchaser, bydesignation with his order, shal
38、l have the option to require thatassembled pipes and couplings pass the following performancetests without leakage.8.3.1 CouplingsThe couplings, when assembled on pipe,shall be capable of withstanding simultaneously:8.3.1.1 The minimum crushing load prescribed in Table 2,when tested in accordance wi
39、th Section 5 of Test MethodsC500, and8.3.1.2 The hydrostatic pressure tests described in 8.3.1.3and 8.3.1.4 of this specification.8.3.1.3 Straight AlignmentA hydrostatic pressure testshall be made on an assembly of two sections of pipe properlyconnected with a coupling in accordance with the joint d
40、esign.An equivalent alternative shall be a single pipe with a couplingon each end. The assembly shall be subjected to an internalhydrostatic pressure of 70 kPa 10 psi for 10 min. Any visiblewater leakage shall be considered failure of the test require-ments.8.3.1.4 Maximum Deflected PositionUpon com
41、pletion ofthe test for pipe in straight alignment in accordance with8.3.1.3 of this specification, deflect the test sections 90 mrad(5) for 300 mm 12 in. and smaller diameters, 50 mrad (3)for 350 mm 14 in. and larger diameters (with one half of thedeflection being between each pipe and the coupling)
42、. Thedeflected assembly shall be subjected to an internal hydrostaticpressure of 70 kPa 10 psi for 10 min. Any visible waterleakage shall be considered a failure of the test requirements.9. Dimensions and Permissible Variations9.1 Couplings and coupling areas of the pipe shall bemachined or otherwis
43、e finished to such dimensions as willmeet the joint tightness requirements defined in 8.3 of thisspecification.9.2 The permissible variation of the internal diameter shallbe in accordance with Table 4.9.3 The inside diameter shall not vary from a true circle bymore than 3 % of its average inside dia
44、meter.9.3.1 The average inside diameter shall be determined bytaking any two 1.6-rad (90) opposing measurements andaveraging the readings.10. Workmanship and Finish10.1 Ends of the pipe that receive the coupling shall be freeof dents and gouges that will affect the tightness of the joint.10.2 Each p
45、ipe shall be free of bulges, dents, and tears in theinside surface that result in a variation of more than 5 mm 0.2in. from that obtained on adjacent unaffected portions of thesurface.10.3 Each length of pipe shall not vary in straightness bymore than the following tolerances when the variation isme
46、asured in accordance with Section 6 of Test Methods C500.TABLE 2 Crushing StrengthClass Minimum CrushingLoad,kN/mlbf/ft1500 21.9 15002400 35.0 24003300 48.2 33004000 58.4 40005000 73.0 50006000 87.6 60007000 102.2 7000TABLE 3 Flexural Proof StrengthDesignated Size,mm in.Total Applied Load,AClass 150
47、0kN lbfClass 2400kN lbfClass 3300kN lbf100 4 2.4 550 2.4 550 2.4 550125 5 4.2 950 4.2 950 4.2 950150 6 6.7 1500 6.7 1500 6.7 1500200 8 12.0 2700 13.3 3000 17.3 3900AThe indicated loads are applied over a clear span of 2.7 mm 9 ft. It shall beoptional to test at 75 % of the indicated loads on a clear
48、 span of 3.7 m 12 ft.TABLE 4 Permissible Variation in Internal Diameter of PipeDesignated Size,mm in.Average Internal Diametermin mm in. max mm in.100 4 95 3.75 110 4.25125 5 120 4.75 135 5.25150 6 145 5.75 160 6.25200 8 195 7.75 210 8.25250 10 245 9.75 260 10.25300 12 295 11.75 315 12.25350 14 345 13.75 365 14.25375 15 370 14.75 390 15.25400 16 400 15.75 415 16.25450 18 450 17.73 465 18.27500 20 500 19.70 520 20.30525 21 525 20.69 545 21.31600 24 600 23.64 620 24.36675 27 675 26.60 700 27.40750 30 750 29.55 775 30.45825 33 825 32.51 850 33
