1、Designation: C497 17C497 18Standard Test Methods forConcrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover testing of concrete pipe, m
3、anhole sections, and tile. The test methods described are used inproduction testing and acceptance testing to evaluate the properties provided for in the specifications.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionExternal Load Crushing Strength 4External Load Crushing Strength 4Flat Sl
4、ab Top 5Flat Slab Top 5Core Strength 6Core Strength 6Absorption 7Absorption 7Hydrostatic 8Hydrostatic 8Permeability 9PermeabilityManhole Step910Manhole Step 10Cylinder Strength 11Cylinder Strength 11Gasket Lubricant 12Gasket Lubricant 12Joint Shear 13Joint Shear 13Alkalinity 14Alkalinity 14Gasket Me
5、asurements 15Gasket Measurements 15Off-Center Hydrostatic Joint Test 16Welded Splice Pull Test 171.3 The test specimens shall not have been exposed to a temperature below 40F for the 24 h immediately preceding the test.1.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons such as failure of t
6、esting equipment or improper specimenpreparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken.1.5 Specimens shall be selected in accordance with the specifications for the type of pipe or tile being tested.1.6 A complete metric companion to Test Methods C497 has been developedC497M; therefore,
7、no metric equivalents arepresented in these methods.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and de
8、termine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendation
9、s issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.09 on Methods of Test.Current edition approved April 1, 2017Jan. 1, 2018. P
10、ublished May 2017February 2018. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 20162017 asC497 16a.C497 17. DOI: 10.1520/C0497-17.10.1520/C0497-18.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have bee
11、n made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document
12、.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the FieldC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concr
13、ete SpecimensC42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC617 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe
14、 and Related ProductsC1231/C1231M Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength of Hardened CylindricalConcrete SpecimensD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer HardnessE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definit
15、ions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.4. External Load Crushing Strength Test by the Three-Edge Bearing Test Method4.1 Summary of Test MethodThe test specimen is tested in a machine designed to apply a crushing force upon the specimenin a plane through the vertical axis exten
16、ding along the length of the specimen.4.2 Significance and UseThe crushing test shall be either a quality control test performed to establish that the finished,shippable pipe has sufficient strength to withstand the crushing loads stated in the specifications or a proof of design test performedto pr
17、ove the adequacy of design.4.3 Apparatus:4.3.1 The testing machine shall be of any type of sufficient capacity and shall be capable of providing the rate of loadingprescribed in 4.5.3.4.3.2 The testing machine shall be substantial and rigid throughout, so that the distribution of the load will not b
18、e affectedappreciably by the deformation or yielding of any part.4.3.3 The three-edge-bearing method of loading shall be used. The test specimen shall be supported on a lower bearing of twoparallel longitudinal strips and the load applied through an upper bearing (Figs. 1-4). At the option of the ma
19、nufacturer, either orboth the lower bearing and the upper bearing shall extend the full length or any portion of the length of the specimen. Fig. 54.3.4 The lower bearings shall consist of wood or hard rubber strips. Wooden strips shall be straight, have a cross section ofnot less than 2 in. in widt
20、h and not less than 1 in. nor more than 112 in. in height and shall have the top inside corners roundedto a radius of 12 in. Hard rubber strips shall have a durometer hardness of not less than 45 nor more than 60. They shall berectangular in cross section, having a width of not less than 2 in., a th
21、ickness of not less than 1 in. nor more than 112 in., and shallhave the top inside corner rounded to a radius of 12 in.4.3.5 The lower bearing strips shall be fastened to a wooden or steel beam or directly to a concrete base, any of which shallprovide sufficient rigidity so that deflection is not gr
22、eater than 1720 of the specimen length when the maximum load is applied. Therigid base shall be at least 6 in. wide. The interior vertical sides of the strips shall be parallel and spaced a distance apart of notmore than 1 in./ft of specimen diameter, but in no case less than 1 in. The bearing faces
23、 of the lower strips shall not vary froma straight line vertically or horizontally by more than 132 in./ft of length under no load.4.3.6 The upper bearing shall be a rigid wood beam with or without an attached hard rubber strip. The wood shall be sound,free of knots, and straight and true from end t
24、o end. It shall be fastened to a steel or wood-faced steel beam of such dimensionsthat deflections under maximum load will not be greater than 1720 of the specimen length. The bearing face of the upper bearingshall not deviate from a straight line by more than 132 in.ft of length. When a hard rubber
25、 strip is used on the bearing face it shallhave a durometer hardness of not less than 45 nor more than 60, and shall have a width of not less than 2 in. and a thickness ofnot less than 1 in. nor more than 112 in. and shall be secured to a wood beam meeting the above requirements.4.3.7 If mutually ag
26、reed upon by the manufacturer and the owner prior to the test, before the specimen is placed, a fillet ofplaster of paris not exceeding 1 in. in thickness shall be cast on the surface of the upper and lower bearings. The width of the filletcap, upper or lower, shall be not more than 1 in./ft of the
27、specimen diameter, but in no case less than 1 in.4.3.8 The equipment shall be so designed that the load will be distributed about the center of the overall length (L1) of thespecimen (Figs. 1-4). At the option of the manufacturer, the center of the load shall be applied at any point of the overall l
28、ength(L1) of the specimen. The load shall be applied either at a single point or at multiple points dependent on the length of the specimenbeing tested and the rigidity of the test frame.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceas
29、tm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.C497 182NOTE 1The user of these test methods is advised that multiple points of load appllications to the upper bearing will permit use of lighter beamswithout excessive defl
30、ection.4.4 CalibrationThe loading device shall be one which shall provide an accuracy of 62 % at the specified test loads. Acalibration curve shall be used. The machines used for performing the three-edge-bearing tests shall be verified in accordance withPractices E4.4.5 Procedure:4.5.1 Place the sp
31、ecimen on the two lower bearing strips in such a manner that the pipe or tile rests firmly and with uniformbearing on each strip.4.5.2 Mark the two ends of the specimen at a point midway between the lower bearing strips and then establish the diametricallyopposite point on each end. Place the upper
32、bearing so that it is aligned with these marks.NOTE 1The figures illustrate a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 1 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Circular PipeC497 1834.5.3 For reinforced concrete pipe, any rate of load application up to a maximum of 7500 lbf/linear foot of pipe per minute shall
33、be used up to 75 % of the specified design strength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced to a maximum uniform rateNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 2 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Arch PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load
34、to the pipe.FIG. 3 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Horizontal Elliptical PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 4 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical PipeC497 184of 13 of the specified design strength of the pipe per minute. This rate of loading shall be co
35、ntinuous until the specified acceptancedesign strength is reached. If both the design strength and the ultimate strength are being determined, a specified rate of loadingneed not be maintained after the acceptance design strength has been reached. For non-reinforced concrete pipe, any rate of loadap
36、plication up to a maximum of 7500 lbf/linear foot of pipe per minute shall be used up to 75 % of the specified ultimate strength,at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced to the maximum uniform rate of 3000 lbf/linear foot of pipe per minute. At themanufacturers option, the rates of loading
37、 in this paragraph shall be any rates that do not exceed the specified maximums.4.5.4 As defined in Terminology C822, the design strength is the maximum load, expressed as a D-load, supported by the pipebefore a crack having a width of 0.01 in. occurs throughout a continuous length of 1 ft or more m
38、easured parallel to the longitudinalaxis of pipe barrel. The crack is 0.01 in. in width when the point of the measuring gage will, without forcing, penetrate 116 in. at3 in. maximum intervals, throughout the specified distance of 1 ft. Measure the width of the crack by means of a gage made froma lea
39、f 0.01 in. in thickness (as in a set of standard machinist gages), ground to a point of 116 in. in width with corners roundedand with a taper of 14 in.in. as shown in Fig. 6.NOTE 2As used in this specification, the 0.01-in. crack is a test criterion for pipe under load in three-edge bearing test and
40、 is not intended as anindication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions.4.5.5 As defined in Terminology C822, the ultimate strength is the maximum load supported by the pipe.NOTE 3Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition is dependent on varying soil bedding facto
41、rs and varying failure modes and shallhave no relationship to the ultimate strength as defined under three-edge bearing conditions.4.6 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are not required, at the option of the manufacturer.4.7 Calculations:4.7.1 Strength test results shall be calculated in
42、terms of pounds per linear foot. The length used in calculating the strengthvalues shall be that indicated by the manufactured length (L) in Figs. 1-4. For pipe with a bell, the manufactured length (L) is thelength from the spigot/tongue end face to the bell/groove inside shoulder. For straight wall
43、 pipe, no bell, the manufactured length(L) is the same as for pipe with a bell or the alternate of the length from the spigot/tongue outside shoulder to the socket/grooveend face. For plain end or cut pipe, no bell or spigot, the manufactured length (L) is the same as the overall length (L1). For pi
44、pehaving a spigot on one end with the opposite end being plain, the manufactured length (L) shall be the distance from the plain endto the center of the joint. For pipe having a bell on one end with the opposite end being plain, the manufactured length (L) shallbe the distance from the plain end to
45、the bell inside shoulder. See Terminology C822 for definitions of manufactured length (L)and overall length (L1).4.7.2 The ultimate strength in pounds per linear foot shall be calculated by dividing the maximum test load applied to the pipeby the manufactured length (L).FIG. 5 Lower Bearing Strip De
46、tailFIG. 6 Gage Leaf for Measuring CracksC497 1854.7.3 The D-load strength in pounds per linear foot per foot of inside diameter or horizontal span shall be either the 0.01-in.crack D-load strength or the ultimate D-load strength. The 0.01-in. crack D-load shall be calculated by dividing the test lo
47、adrequired to produce the 0.01-in. crack by the manufactured length (L) and by the pipe inside diameter or horizontal span. Theultimate D-load strength shall be calculated by dividing the ultimate test load applied to the pipe by the manufactured length, (L),and by the pipe inside diameter or horizo
48、ntal span.4.8 Precision and BiasThe user of these test methods is advised that the true value for the strength of a concrete pipe cannotbe determined because the specimen is tested to destruction and exact duplicate specimen cannot be obtained. Therefore, nocalculations of precision and bias are pre
49、sently capable of being performed. Specifications that include this test method for thevarious types of concrete pipe should include a provision for additional tests of one or more specimens.5. Flat Slab Top Test Method5.1 Summary of Test MethodA load is applied to the flat slab top and the supporting capacity of the flat slab top is measured.5.2 Significance and UseThe test method is a proof of design test performed to prove the adequacy of the design.5.3 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are not required, at the option of the
