1、同济大学考博英语模拟试卷 19及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 What is so special about intuitive talent?Extensive research on brain skills indicates that those who score as highly intuitive on such test instruments as the Myers Briggs Type Indicator tend to be the most innovative in strategic planning and decisi
2、on making. They tend to be more insightful and better at finding new ways of doing things. In business,they are the people who can sense whether a new product idea will “fly“in the market place. They are the people who will generate ingenious new solutions to old problems that may have festered for
3、years. These are the executives that all organizations would love to find. But,surprisingly,organizations often thwart,block,or drive out this talent the very talent they require for their future survival! At the very least,most organizations lack well-established human-capital programs designed to
4、search for and consciously use their employeesintuitive talent in the strategic-planning process. As a result,this talent is either not used,suppressed,or lost altogether. Typically,highly intuitive managers work in an organizational climate that is the opposite of that which would enable them to fl
5、ourish and to readily use their skills for strategic decision making. This climate can be characterized as follows:New ideas are not readily encouraged. Higher managers choose others who think much as they do for support staff. Unconventional approaches to problem solving encounter enormous resistan
6、ce. Before long,the intuitive executive begins to emotionally withdraw,slowly but surely reducing his or her input and often leaving the organization altogether. To achieve higher productivity in the strategic-planning and decision-making process,clearly what is needed is an organizational climate i
7、n which intuitive brain skill;and styles can flourish and be integrated with more-traditional management techniques. The organizations leadership must have a special sensitivity to the value of intuitive input in strategic decision making and understand how to create an environment in which the use
8、of intuition will grow,integrating,it into the mainstream of the organizations strategic-planning process. 1 Which of the following does NOT describe intuitive talents? （ A） They are innovative in strategic planning. （ B） They are good at finding new approaches on old problems. （ C） They are the exe
9、cutives that all organizations would love to find. （ D） They are fully utilized. 2 Highly intuitive managers typically work in a climate that_. （ A） enables them to flourish （ B） discourages new ideas （ C） achieves higher productivity （ D） both A and C 3 An executive might leave the organization bec
10、ause_. （ A） he is hurt （ B） he is fired （ C） his intuitive talent is not used （ D） he earns too little 4 An organizations leadership should do all of the following EXCEPT_. （ A） separating intuitive styles from traditional management techniques （ B） learning how to RE creative thinking （ C） learning
11、 how to use problems-solving skills （ D） none of the above 4 The geology of the Earths surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states .water are exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compoun
12、ds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth. Evaporated from the oceans,water vapor forms clouds,some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion:rain. Precipitated onto the ground,the water trickles
13、down to form brooks,streams,and rivers .constituting what is called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from h
14、igh altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level. The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the th
15、ree reservoirs-atmospheres,continent,and ocean-we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays,on average,eleven days in the atmosphere,one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservo
16、ir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents. A vast chemical separation process takes during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium,sodium,potassium,and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum,iro
17、n,and silicon stay where they are and form the thin,fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes,chemical erosion and mech
18、anical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors. 5 According to the passage,clouds are primarily formed by water_. （ A） precipitating onto the ground （ B） changing from a solid to a liquid state （ C） evaporating from the oceans （ D） being carried by wind 6 Th
19、e passage suggests that the purpose of the“hydrographic network“is to_. （ A） determine the size of molecules of water （ B） prevent soil erosion caused by flooding （ C） move water from the Earths surface to the oceans （ D） regulate the rate of water flow streams and rivers 7 What determines the rate
20、at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle,as discussed in the third paragraph? （ A） The potential energy contained in water. （ B） The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds. （ C） The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents. （ D） The relative size of the water storag
21、e areas. 8 All of the following are examples of soluble ions EXCEPT_. （ A） magnesium （ B） iron （ C） potassium （ D） calcium 8 People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nations economy would bring social chaos. In the years foll
22、owing 1820,after several decades of relative stability,the economy entered a period of sustained and extremely rapid growth that continued to the end of the nineteenth century. Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in t
23、he nation s labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits. Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century,the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the nineteenth centuries. A
24、s the population grew,its makeup also changed. Massive waves of immigration brought new ethnic groups into the country. Geographic and social mobility-downward as well as upward-touched almost everyone. Local studies indicate that nearly three-quarters of the popula-tion-in the North and South,in th
25、e emerging cities of the Northeast,and in the restless rural counties of the West-changed their residence each decade. As a consequence,historian David Donald has written, “Social atomization affected every segment of society, “and it seemed to many people that “all the recognized values of orderly
26、civilization were gradually being eroded. “ Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special implications for women because these changes tended to magnify social distinctions. As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined,so
27、did the roles they played in the home. In the context of extreme competitiveness and dizzying social change,the household lost many of its earlier functions and the home came to serve as a haven of tranquility and order. As the size of families decreased, the roles of husband and wife become more cl
28、early differentiated than ever before. In the middle class especially,men participated in the productive economy while women ruled the home and served as the custodians of civility and culture. The intimacy of marriage that was common in earlier periods was rent,and a gulf that at times seemed unbri
29、dgeable was created between husbands and wives. 9 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） The economic development of the United States in the eighteenth century. （ B） Ways in which economic development led to social changes in the United States. （ C） Population growth in the western United State
30、s. （ D） The increasing availability of industrial jobs for women in the United States. 10 According to the passage,the economy of the United States between 1820 and 1900 was_. （ A） expanding （ B） in sharp decline （ C） stagnate （ D） disorganized 11 According to the passage,as the nineteenth century p
31、rogressed,the people of the United States_. （ A） emigrated to other countries （ B） often settled in the West （ C） tended to change the place in which they lived （ D） had a higher rate of birth than ever before 12 Which of the following best describes the society about which David Donald wrote? （ A）
32、A highly conservative society that was resistant to new ideas. （ B） A society that was undergoing fundamental change. （ C） A society that had been gradually changing since the early 1700s. （ D） A nomadic society that was starting permanent settlements. 12 Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon,gazi
33、ng across this giant wound in the Earths surface,a visitor might assume that the canyon had seen caused by some ancient convulsion. In fact the events that produced the canyon,far from being sudden and cataclysmic,simply add up to the slow and orderly process of erosion. Many millions of years ago t
34、he Colorado Plateau in the Grand Canyon area contained 10,000 more feet of rock than it does today and was relatively level. The additional material consisted of some 14 layered formations of rock. In the Grand Canyon region these layers were largely worn away over the course of millions of years. A
35、pproximately 65 million years ago the plateaus flat surface in the Grand Canyon area bulged upward from internal pressure; geologists refer to his bulging action as upwarping;it was followed by a general elevation of the whole Colorado Plateau,a process that is still going on. As the plateau gradual
36、ly rose,shallow rivers that meandered across it began to run more swiftly and cut more definite courses. One of these rivers,located east of the upwarp.was the ancestor of the Colorado. Another river system called the Hualapai,flowing west of the upwarp,extended itself eastward by cutting back into
37、the upwarp;it eventually connected with the ancient Colorado and captured its waters. The new river then began to carve out the 277-mile-long trench that eventually became the Grand Canyon. Geologists estimate that this initial cutting action began no earlier than 10 million years go. Since then,the
38、 canyon forming has been cumulative. To the corrosive force of the river itself have been added other factors. Heat and cold,rain and snow,along with the varying resistance of the rocks increase the opportunities for erosion. The canyon walls crumble;the river acquires a cutting tool,tons of debris,
39、 rainfall running off the high plateau creates feeder streams that carve side canyons. Pushing slowly backward into the plateau,the side canyons expose new rocks,and the pattern of erosion continues. 13 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） Patterns of erosion in different mountain ranges. （ B）
40、 Forces that made the Grand Canyon. （ C） The increasing pollution of the Grand Canyon. （ D） The sudden appearance of the Grand Canyon. 14 According to the passage,the first phenomenon to contribute to the formation of the Grand Canyon was_. （ A） a series of volcanic eruptions （ B） the collapse of ro
41、ck formations in the Colorado Plateau （ C） a succession of floods from the Hualapai River and what is now the Colorado River （ D） the Earths internal pressure lifting the Colorado Plateau region 15 Which of the following conclusion about the Grand Canyon can be drawn from the passage? （ A） Its conto
42、urs are constantly changing. （ B） It contains approximately 14 million tons of rock. （ C） Its eruptions have increased in recent years. （ D） It is being eroded by toxic waste and pollutants. 16 The passage would most likely be found in a textbook on which of the following subjects? （ A） Astronomy （
43、B） Botany （ C） Geology （ D） Chemistry 16 The political crisis in Ukraine,where opposition protesters are burning campfires and setting up tents in the center of Kiev,is presenting a test for Russia,which gambled heavily on its neighbors presidential election. A defeat of the pro-Moscow candidate,Pri
44、me Minister Viktor Yanukovych,would humiliate the Kremlin one year after another former Soviet republic,Georgia,slipped from its influence,according to observers and political analysts. The Ukrainian upheaval echoes what happened in Georgia,where protests over vote rigging ted to the resignation of
45、a Moscow-linked president and a landslide victory of a young,western-educated and Western-oriented leader. For Moscow.the stakes are even higher in Ukraine. Unlike Georgia,Ukraine shares close ethnic and linguistic ties with Russia;Kiev,Ukraines capital is the cradle of the Russian culture and the a
46、ncient capital of the first Russian state. President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia wants to forge a closer union between three Slavic nations Russia, Ukraine, and tiny,authoritarian Belarus and Ukraine is key to the plan,Russian businesses have major interests in Ukraine,which borders Russian to the w
47、est. The Russian military also wants to have Ukraine as an ally over which it can hold sway,not as a potential NATO participant,the analysts said. As other former republics turned away from Russia,Moscow “gets the feeling that Ukraine is its closest ally,with a symbolic significance,“said Masha Lipm
48、an of the Carnegie Moscow Center. “Russia has given itself a goal of getting a controllable Ukraine. Im afraid it wont happen. “ Putin quickly congratulated Yanukovych following Sundays vote,which pitted the prime minister a-gainst opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko. But Western observers reported
49、voting fraud,and hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians rallied in protest. “If the crisis lasts.it will become a potential some of problems for Russias relations with the West,“ said Alexander Pikayev.an independent political analyst in Moscow. “Russia will have to share responsibility for the acute political crisis. “ The Kremlin had come out early and strongly for Yanukovych before the election. Putin traveled twice to Ukraine,ahead of each round of voting. To support the official purpose of his first visit,attending anniversary c
