1、考研英语模拟试卷 162及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 One of the most important results of research into ageing has been to pinpoint the significance of short-term memory. This faculty
2、is easily (1)_ as ageing advances. What seems to (2)_ is that in formation is received by the brain, (3)_ scans it for meaning in order to decode it at some future time. It looks as if the actual (4)_ of the short-term memory itself may not change too much (5)_ age. A young man and a man in his late
3、 fifties may (6)_ be able to remember and repeat a(n) (7)_ of eight numbers recited to them. But what (8)_ change is that when the older man is asked to re member anything (9)_ between the time he is first given the numbers to memorise and the time he is asked to (10)_ them, he will be much less lik
4、ely to remember the (11)_ numbers than the young man. This is because the scanning stage is more easily (12)_ by other activities in (13)_ people. In (14)_ living one experiences this as a fairly minor (15)_ a telephone number forgotten while one looks (16)_ an area code, or the first part of (17)_
5、street directions confused with the fast because the last turn lefts and turn rights have interfered (18)_ remembering the first directions. In more formal learning, however, the (19)_ of short-term memory is more than just a mild social embarrassment. It can be a serious bar to further (20)_ or ind
6、eed to any progress at all. （ A） discovered （ B） strengthened （ C） displayed （ D） disturbed （ A） happen （ B） exist （ C） work （ D） do （ A） as （ B） that （ C） which （ D） what （ A） performance （ B） capacity （ C） action （ D） activity （ A） for （ B） with （ C） over （ D） under （ A） neither （ B） none （ C） eit
7、her （ D） both （ A） average （ B） percentage （ C） amount （ D） proportion （ A） will （ B） would （ C） does （ D） did （ A） else （ B） more （ C） particular （ D） special （ A） decode （ B） explain （ C） produce （ D） repeat （ A） difficult （ B） different （ C） original （ D） previous （ A） finished （ B） completed （ C
8、） disrupted （ D） erupted （ A） younger （ B） older （ C） most （ D） common （ A） daily （ B） ordinary （ C） normal （ D） usual （ A） offence （ B） irritation （ C） distress （ D） disgrace （ A） up （ B） for （ C） at （ D） over （ A） inconvenient （ B） inadequate （ C） conventional （ D） complicated （ A） by （ B） with （
9、C） for （ D） over （ A） collapse （ B） absence （ C） lack （ D） decay （ A） attainment （ B） acquisition （ C） learning （ D） reaching Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 Last November, engineers in the healthcare div
10、ision of GE unveiled something called the “Light Speed VCT“, a scanner that can create a startlingly good three-dimensional image of a beating heart. This spring Staples, an American office-supplies retailer, will stock its shelves with a gadget called a “wordlock“, a padlock that uses words instead
11、 of numbers. The connection? In each case, the firms customers have played a big part in designing the product. How does innovation happen? The familiar story involves scientist in academic institutes and R Some opponents of naturalism would argue that naturalists in the broad sense are at least som
12、ewhat inconsistent and that naturalism in the broad sense leads logically to strict naturalism. Many Strict naturalists would agree with this. Those who reject naturalism in both the strict and broad sense do so for a variety of reasons. They may have positive arguments for the existence of some of
13、what naturalists deny, or they may have what seem to be decisive refutations of some or all of the arguments for naturalism. But, in addition to particular arguments against naturalist tenets or their grounds of belief, some opponents of naturalism believe that there is a general argument which hold
14、s against any form of naturalism. These opponents hold that naturalism has a “fatal flaw“ or, to put it more strongly, that naturalism is self-destroying. If naturalism is true, then human reason must be the result of natural forces. These natural forces are not, on the naturalistic view, rational t
15、hemselves, nor can they be the result of a rational cause. So human reason would be the result of nonrational causes. This, it can be argued, gives us a strong reason to distrust human reason, especially in its less practical and more theoretical exercises. But the theory of naturalism is itself suc
16、h an exercise of theoretical reason. If natural ism is true, we would have strong reasons to distrust theoretical reasoning. If we distrust theoretical reasoning, we distrust particular applications of it, such as the theory of naturalism. Thus, if natural ism is true, we have strong reasons to dist
17、rust naturalism. 26 Naturalism believes that （ A） human can do things with their free will. （ B） deterministic natural laws can explain everything. （ C） absolute values Should be based on a more reasonable ground. （ D） universe is dependent on subjective experience. 27 Many strict naturalists attitu
18、des towards the categorizing of naturalists might be （ A） disapproving, （ B） puzzled. （ C） content. （ D） appreciative. 28 Which of the following concerning those who reject naturalism are true? （ A） they accept some of the naturalists denials. （ B） their retort on naturalism is too sharp to be convi
19、ncing. （ C） all their arguments against naturalism are not universal. （ D） there exist mortal defects in their own arguments. 29 In the last paragraph, the author tries to justify his conclusion by （ A） reducing to absurdity. （ B） making an comparison. （ C） giving an example. （ D） explaining a pheno
20、menon. 30 The general argument against naturalism focuses on its （ A） inherent impracticability. （ B） wrong assumption. （ C） inner contradiction. （ D） illogical reasoning. 31 If open-source software is supposed to be free, how does anyone selling it make any money? Its not that different from how ot
21、her software companies make money. Youd think that a software company would make most of its money from, well, selling software. But youd be wrong. For one thing, companies dont sell software, strictly speaking; they license it. The profit margin on a software license is nearly 100 percent, which is
22、 why Microsoft gushes billions of dollars every quarter. But whats the value of a license to a customer? A license doesnt deliver the code, provide the utilities to get a piece of software running, or answer the phone when something inevitably goes wrong. The value of software, in short, doesnt lie
23、in the software alone. The value is in making sure the soft ware does its job. Just as a traveler should look at the overall price of a vacation package instead of obsessing over the price of the plane ticket or hotel room, a smart tech buyer wont focus on how much the license costs and ignore the s
24、upport contract or the maintenance agreement. Open-source is not that different. If you want the software to work, you have to pay to ensure it will work. The open-source companies have refined the software model by selling subscriptions. They roll together support and maintenance and charge an annu
25、al fee, which is a healthy model, though not quite as wonderful as Microsofts money-raking one. Tellingly, even Microsoft is casting an envious eye at aspects of the open-source business model. The company has been taking halting steps toward a similar subscription scheme for its software sales. Mic
26、rosofts subscription program, known as Soft ware Assurance, provides maintenance and support together with a software license. It lets you up grade to Microsofts next version of the software for a predictable sum. But it also contains an implicit threat: If you dont switch to Software Assurance now,
27、 who knows how much Microsoft will charge you when you decide to upgrade? Chief information officers hate this kind of “assurance“, since theyre often perfectly happy running older versions of software that are proven and stable. Microsoft, on the other hand, rakes in the software-licensing fees onl
28、y when customers upgrade. Software Assurance is Microsofts attempt to get those same licensing fees but wrap them together with the service and support needed to keep systems running. Thats why Microsoft finds the open-source model so threatening: open-source companies have no vested interest in get
29、ting more licensing fees and dont have to pad their service contracts with that extra cost. In the end, the main difference between open-source and proprietary software companies may be the size of the check you have to write. 31 The author used the example of a traveler(Para. 3) to show that （ A） t
30、he value of software should be considered as a whole. （ B） tech buyers should care little about license. （ C） a license doesnt comprise support and maintenance. （ D） customers have to pay a lot to get a license. 32 Which of the following seems to be the overall attitude of Microsoft toward subscript
31、ion plan? （ A） Eager. （ B） Doubtful. （ C） Confident. （ D） Hesitant. 33 According to the passage Microsoft （ A） operates a better sales system. （ B） uses open-source business model as a reference. （ C） forces tech buyers to upgrade the software. （ D） charges an annual fee for the service and support.
32、 34 That extra cost(Para. 5) probably refers to （ A） software-licensing fees. （ B） total cost of a software product. （ C） payment for service contracts. （ D） the charge for subscription. 35 Which of the following is true about Microsoft? （ A） It disgusts many chief information officers. （ B） It has
33、developed its own open-source software. （ C） Its new program requires its customers pay in advance. （ D） It envies open-source companies for their great profits. 36 Niall FitzGerald would have liked to leave Unilever in a blaze of glory when he retires at the end of September. The co-chief executive
34、 of the Anglo-Dutch consumer-goods group was one of the godfathers of Unilevers “Path to Growth“ strategy of focusing on its brands, which was launched live years ago. But the plan failed to deliver on many of its promises. On September 20th, Unilever warned that it would not report its promised dou
35、ble-digit growth in profits this year. It is a tough time for producers of branded consumer goods. Unilever and its competitors have to cope with pressure on prices and stiff competition from supermarkets own brands, Colgate-Palmolive warned of lower profits on the same day, Nestle recently disappoi
36、nted investors with its latest results. Even so, Unilever admits the bulk of its troubles are self-inflicted. The “Path to Growth“ strategy aimed to make the firm more efficient. Unilever saved about 4 billion euro ($4.9 billion) in costs over the past five years and reduced its portfolio of brands
37、front 1,600 to some 450, but it still failed to meet its targets for profit and sales, reporting a sales decline of 0.7% for the second quarter of this year. Andrew Wood at Sanford Bernstein, an investment-research firm, thinks the main problem is under-investment in advertising and marketing, an in
38、fatuation with brands and unrealistic performance targets. Unilever cut its ad and marketing expenditure at the worst moment, says Mr. Wood. Commoditised products are especially vulnerable to the onslaught of retailers own brands. In margarine, for instance, retailers own brands now capture as much
39、as one-fifth of the market. Unilever also over extended some successful brands, for instance Bertollis olive oils and pasta sauces. According to Mr. Wood, Unilever can sustainably grow its business about 3% a year; it was shooting for 5-6%. Unilevers chief financial officer (CFO) counters that consu
40、mers look for a product and then buy a brand, so his firm needs to focus on brands. Unilever intends to step up its marketing efforts, al though ad spending is supposed to remain at current levels. At present, Unilever spends 14.5% of sales on ads. But even the CFO admits the company has “issues of
41、competitiveness“. After seven quarters of disappointing performance, it needs to regain credibility with investors. Over the next few months, management will rethink its strategy for the next five-year plan. Patrick Cescau, a Frenchman who will take over from Mr. FitzGerald, is inheriting a tricky l
42、egacy. 36 Which of the following about “Path to Growth“ strategy is true? （ A） It is hard to carry out. （ B） It has a glorious history. （ C） it underlines Unilevers brands. （ D） It brings high growth. 37 According to the passage, Niall FitzGerald （ A） is an incompetent leader. （ B） will retire with
43、great honor. （ C） will become Patricks predecessor. （ D） is one of Unilevers founders. 38 In the eyes of Unilever, its troubles mainly lie in （ A） fierce competition, （ B） its inefficiency. （ C） the depressing sales, （ D） its strategy. 39 We can learn from the last paragraph that Patrick Cescau （ A）
44、 will abandon the focus on brands. （ B） will face a tough situation. （ C） will acquaint himself with tricky tactics. （ D） will hold on “Path to Growth“ strategy. 40 Unilevers CFO thinks that Woods comments are （ A） not unrealistic. （ B） generally acceptable. （ C） short of logic. （ D） basically erron
45、eous. Part B (10 points) 41 In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、 B、 C、 D、 E、 F、 G) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Cardiol
46、ogists have pioneered the worlds first non-surgical bypass operation to turn a vein into an artery using a new technique to divert blood flow in a man with severe heart disease. (41)_. Although major heart surgery is becoming commonplace, with more than 28,000 bypass operations in the UK annually, i
47、t is traumatic for patients and involves a long recovery period. The new technique was carried out by an international team bf doctors who performed the non-invasive surgery on a 53-year-old German patient. (42)_. According to a special report in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Associatio
48、n, cardiologists developed a special catheter(导管 ) which was inserted into one of his leg arteries, threaded up through the aorta(主动脉 ) to the top of the diseased artery, which was the only part still open and receiving blood. (43)_. A thin, flexible wire was threaded through the needle and the need
49、le and catheter were with drawn, leaving the wire behind and a small angioplasty(血管成形术 ) balloon, which was used to widen the channel. Finally, the vein was blocked off just above the new channel allowing blood from the artery to be rerouted down the vein. (44)_. Dr. Stephen Oesterle, who led the team, said: “This milestone marks the first coronary artery bypass performed with a catheter. The technology offers a realistic hope for truly minimally
