1、考研英语模拟试卷 61及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 No one can deny that pesticides have improved the ability of farmers to bring their crops to market. (1)_ pesticides, farmers no lon
2、ger have to worry that they will lose an entire crop (2)_ an army of cut Worms or fruit flies. (3)_, Americans can rely on a large and varied food supply. However, we Americans need to become more (4)_ about the effects those pesticides on our food. More (5)_, we need to think about what new (6)_ is
3、 necessary to protect ourselves from a (7)_ too rich in Pesticide residue. If we dont demand greater (8)_ on pesticide use, we may be surprised, dismayed, and (9)_ horrified by the consequence of its use. On the most obvious level, farm workers who continue to use the pesticides (10)_ their present
4、rate will (11)_ serious diseases. Its no (12)_ that farmers (13)_ to herbicides have a six times greater risk of getting cancer. (14)_, children who live in homes where pesticides are used have an increased chance of getting childhood leukemia(白血病 ). But the farmers are not the only ones (15)_ risk.
5、 Consumers may also suffer serious side effects from daily (16)_ of foods tainted(污染 ) by pesticides. Although scientists have yet to prove the link (17)_, they are concerned that pesticide use may be one reason for the startling increase in various forms of cancer like breast and colon(结肠 ) cancers
6、. We need new legislation that (18)_ stricter standards governing pesticide residues in food. Much of the current legislation is based on ignorance. Simply (19)_, we allow high levels of carcinogens in our food because we dont know for sure that they do cause cancer in humans. Yet, why should we tak
7、e the risk? If theres a chance that a pesticide causes cancer, then it should be (20)_ from use. （ A） In spite of （ B） Thanks to （ C） Given （ D） Provided （ A） out （ B） on （ C） for （ D） to （ A） In sum （ B） In short （ C） In total （ D） As a result （ A） informed （ B） acknowledged （ C） acquainted （ D） in
8、structed （ A） specifically （ B） specially （ C） especially （ D） sophisticatedly （ A） institution （ B） constitution （ C） legislation （ D） commission （ A） menu （ B） nutrition （ C） nourishment （ D） diet （ A） constraints （ B） restrictions （ C） commitment （ D） purification （ A） ultimately （ B） utterly （ C
9、） extremely （ D） thoroughly （ A） at （ B） with （ C） in （ D） for （ A） stricken with （ B） entitled to （ C） left to （ D） carried away by （ A） correspondence （ B） incident （ C） chance （ D） coincidence （ A） exposed （ B） devoted （ C） revealed （ D） concealed （ A） On the Contrary （ B） In addition （ C） As a r
10、esult （ D） In a word （ A） with （ B） on （ C） in （ D） at （ A） assumption （ B） consumption （ C） presumption （ D） acquisition （ A） tentatively （ B） inclusively （ C） conclusively （ D） exclusively （ A） adapts （ B） adopts （ C） adjusts （ D） affords （ A） set （ B） laid （ C） placed （ D） pat （ A） banned （ B） in
11、hibited （ C） barred （ D） detained Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person: Interestingly,
12、 in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage. “That may seem like bad news,“ said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. However, he explained, the finding suggests that e
13、ducation allows people to withstand more brain-tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down. The study is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the “reserve“ hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the
14、 idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare. Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women ages 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was gr
15、eater shrinkage of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal. “Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage,“ Coffey said. “People lose 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthood.“ There is, however
16、, a “remarkable range“ of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drag use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain-tissue loss throu
17、ghout adulthood. In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss. Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospi
18、nal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, the greater the cortical shrinkage. Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade o
19、n, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. For example, Coffeys team reported, among subjects of the same sex and similar age and skull size, those with 16 years of education had 8 to 10 percent more cerebrospinal fluid compared with those who had four
20、years of schooling. Of course, achieving a particular education level is not the definitive measure of someones mental capacity. And, said Coffey, education can be “a proxy for many things“ More-educated people, he noted, are often less likely to have habits, such as smoking, that harm overall healt
21、h. But, Coffey said that people should strive throughout life to keep their brains alert by exposing themselves to new experiences. Traveling is one way to stimulate the brain, and a less adventuresome way is to do crossword puzzles. 21 We can know from the first paragraph that_. （ A） Brains of the
22、more-educated people may become more contracted when they get aged （ B） Education may do harm to peoples brains （ C） More educated people may suffer from brain tissue loss （ D） The less educated can resort to more cognitive reserves when aged 22 According to the second paragraph, it can be found by
23、researchers that_. （ A） Only educated people suffer from brain shrinkage （ B） The more the brain shrinks, the more abnormal peoples cognition and memory become （ C） People might loss no mentality even with brain shrinkage （ D） No brain-tissue loss will be induced by indulgence in alcohol 23 Which of
24、 the following is NOT mentioned in the text as one of the factors that may influence brain shrinkage? （ A） indulgence in drinking （ B） education （ C） emotional fluctuations （ D） hypertension 24 The text informs us that_. （ A） Mental capacity is surely measured by education level （ B） More-educated p
25、eople never develop habits harmful to health （ C） People should keeping stimulating the brain to bear more brain-tissue loss （ D） We should take less adventuresome way to stimulate the brain 25 Which of the following may NOT be the way to keep brains alert? （ A） Chang to a new working environment （
26、B） go out for sightseeing （ C） keep doing everyday work （ D） doing crosswords 26 Virtually every company with a computer is vulnerable to computer abuse, crime and accident. Security of the computer and of the information and assets contained within it are therefore of paramount importance to manage
27、ment. Skilled computer criminals can break into a computer system far more easily than an armed robber can gain access to a bank vault, and usually with far less risk of apprehension and punishment. A slight change in a complex program can bring about the misappropriation of thousands of pounds. Acc
28、idental erasure of crucial data can paralyze companys operations. Anyone familiar with the necessary procedure can gain access to information stored in the computer, no matter how confidential, and utilize it for his own purposes. Although the actual extent of computer crime is difficult to measure,
29、 most experts agree that it is one of the fastest growing areas of illegal activity. The principal reason for both the growth and the lack of accurate measurement is the difficulty in detecting a well-executed theft. Losses per incident thus tend to be higher than in other types of theft. Once the C
30、omputer criminal has compromised the system, it is just as easy to steal a great sum as it is to steal a little, and to continue stealing long after the initial theft. Indeed, the computer criminal may find it more difficult to stop his illicit activity than to start it. Computer criminals are, for
31、the most part, well-educated and highly intelligent. The fact that computer criminals do not fit criminal stereotypes helps them to obtain the positions they require to carry out crimes. Being intelligent, they have fertile imaginations, and the variety of ways in which they use equipment to their a
32、dvantages is constantly being extended. In addition to direct theft of funds, the theft of data for corporate espionage or extortion is becoming widespread, and can obviously have a substantial effect on a companys finances. Another lucrative scheme, often difficult to detect, involves accumulating
33、fractions of pence from individual payroll accounts, with electronic transfer of the accumulated amount to the criminals payroll. Employers are hardly concerned with pence, much less fractions of pence. In addition, undoubtedly, the companys payroll is unaffected. But the cumulative value of fractio
34、ns of pence per employee in a company with a substantial payroll can add up to a useful gain. Guarding against computer abuse whether deliberate or accidental involves attention to the protection of hardware from physical damage as well as protection of software and data. Computer must be isolated f
35、rom other company facilities, and unauthorized person should never be admitted to the computer area. Event though some risks are reduced through this measure, most damage to software, accidental and intentional, is caused by those whose jobs require at least some access to the computer. The writer o
36、f the program is often the one responsible for its misuse. Programs devised exclusively for a particular company are therefore far more valuable to abuse and accident than standard software packages produced by external suppliers. 26 Skilled computer criminals can break into a computer system_. （ A）
37、 quite easily （ B） without any risk （ C） more easily than an armed robber can gain access to a bank vault and with far less risk （ D） without being punished 27 According to the second paragraph, which statement is TRUE? （ A） Experts agree that computer crime is one of the fastest growing areas of il
38、legal activity. （ B） The key reason for both the growth and the lack of accurate measurement is the difficulty in discovering a well-executed theft. （ C） Losses in per incident of computer crime is higher than other types of theft. （ D） It is very easy to start computer crime. 28 Computer theft incl
39、udes_. （ A） direct theft of funds （ B） the theft of data for corporate espionage or extortion （ C） accumulating fractions of pence from individual payroll accounts （ D） all of the above 29 Computer criminals choose accumulating fractions of pence from individual payroll accounts because （ A） it is v
40、ery easy （ B） employers are not concerned with pence （ C） they can gain more （ D） the accumulated value can be a useful gain, and it is not easy to be found 30 What dose the last paragraph imply? （ A） Damage to software is caused by those whose jobs require at least some access to the computer （ B）
41、The writer of the program is the one responsible for its misuse （ C） Measures taken to 15rotect soft ware and data is useless （ D） Programs written for an individual company are far more valuable to abuse and accident than standard software packages produced by external suppliers 31 For years I.O.C.
42、 Czar Juan Antonio Samaranch has exhibited a pronounced ambivalence about drug use, and certainly his stance has allowed a number of golden boys and girls to keep their images shiny while doping. Careful athletes can easily beat the system that is in place to catch drug abusers. Unscrupulous sports
43、federations can tailor testing schedules and tip off their constituents. Steroid creams can be flushed from the system in 24 to 48 hours. And for some of the most commonly used enhancers, such as erythropoietin (EPO), there are still no institutionalized teats. It is said that EPO, which increases s
44、tamina by boosting an athletes red blood cell count, can improve an athletes performance in a 20-minmum by 30 sec., but it is otherwise a nightmare of a drug. Overdose on EPO, and the blood becomes too thick for the heart to pump. EPO is believed to be the culprit in no fewer than 25 mysterious deat
45、hs among world-class cyclists since 1987. But athletes will take EPO in Sydney because they can, and some of them will take too much of it. In 1995 Olympic caliber U.S. athletes were asked in a poll, “Would you take a drug that made you a champion, knowing that it would kill you in five years?“ more
46、 than half said yes. So even if we forget about fair play and credibility and Olympic ideals, we are left with this: the athletes must be protected from themselves arm the pressure to win. How? The I.O.C. needs to do two things immediately: develop a spine, and federalize. The only way to catch a ch
47、eat is with unannounced, out-of-competition testing. Historically the I.O.C. has delegated decision making to individual sports federations, but that policy is not working when it comes to drags. A third of the 28 federations have yet to agree to out-of-competition tests in advance of the Sydney Gam
48、es. The I.O.C. should call an emergency session and make a new rule applying to all sports, then send out its newly empowered testers. As for that imperfect test for EPO-use it anyway. As gold medal marathoner Frank Shorter, now chairman of the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, says, knowing a test is loomin
49、g that will knock cheaters off stride. Shorter says that if there is no EPO test at Sydney, then every endurance or strength performance is suspect. Hes right. And when sport becomes suspect when no one believes in it its no longer worth watching. 31 Whats Samaranchs attitude towards drug use in Olympic Games? （ A） Indignant （ B） Tolerate （ C） Paradoxical （ D） Neutral 32 According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? （ A） When athletes take steroid
