1、考研英语模拟试卷 80及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 In the nineteenth century Charles Dickens, the English novelist, wrote excitedly (1)_ a stage-coach, pulled along by a team of horse
2、s, that could (2)_ more than twenty miles of road within sixty minutes. To us in the twentieth century in (3)_ man is able to move and to communicate with such rapidity, the (4)_ of the stage-coach seems no speed at all. Aeroplanes fly many hundreds of miles in an hour; express trains (5)_ four time
3、s the speed of the stage-coach; and even without (6)_ we can, by wireless or telegraph, communicate within seconds with people on (7)_ side of the globe. The (8)_ of these increased speeds are numerous. Business (9)_ say, from Europe to America or to the Far East can save much time. (10)_ a journey
4、that would once have taken weeks, it (11)_ now, by air, only twenty-four hours. Fruit, vegetables and other goods that would decay (12)_ a long, slow journey can now be safely sent to far-distant places. Members of one family (13)_ each other by vast distances can have conversations with each other
5、by telephone (14)_if they were all sitting in the same room. Not ail the effects of speed, however, are (15)_ People who are in the habit of using a motor car (16)_ they want to move half a mile become physically lazy and lose the (17)_ of enjoying a vigorous walk. Those who travel through a country
6、 at eighty miles a hour do not see much of the life of that country, of its people and animals and plants, as they flash (18)_ They become so anxious about moving quickly from one place to another that they are (19)_ able to relax and enjoy a (20)_ journey. （ A） for （ B） in （ C） at （ D） of （ A） disc
7、over （ B） cover （ C） move （ D） pull （ A） which （ B） that （ C） what （ D） it （ A） movement （ B） speed （ C） travel （ D） running （ A） agree （ B） act （ C） achieve （ D） affect （ A） talking （ B） racing （ C） speaking （ D） moving （ A） the other （ B） another （ C） other （ D） the another （ A） agreements （ B） di
8、sagreements （ C） advantages （ D） disadvantage （ A） travelling men （ B） men travelling （ C） travelled men （ D） men travelled （ A） For （ B） On （ C） In （ D） During （ A） makes （ B） has （ C） happens （ D） takes （ A） from （ B） on （ C） about （ D） down （ A） separating from （ B） from separated （ C） separated
9、from （ D） from separated （ A） as easily as （ B） as eagerly as （ C） as firmly as （ D） as quietly as （ A） benefit （ B） beneficent （ C） beneficial （ D） beneficially （ A） whatever （ B） whenever （ C） however （ D） wherever （ A） speed （ B） journey （ C） habit （ D） power （ A） passed （ B） past （ C） away （ D）
10、apart （ A） no longer （ B） for ever （ C） at all （ D） no doubt （ A） leisure （ B） friendly （ C） quick （ D） leisurely Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies
11、 preaching the surprising thing about computers is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience,
12、 follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations. Computers imitate life. As computers get more complex, the imitation gets better. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or
13、so, we will see the computer as a new form of life. The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computers brain just as a new form of life. Computers match people in some roles, and when fast d
14、ecisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneously and acting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time a
15、nd it freezes up. We are still in control, but the capabilities of computers are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if at all. Computer power has increased ten times every eight years since 1846. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reaso
16、ning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain. That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those
17、of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be mans flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon. 21 What do you suppose was the attitude of Dr. Samuel Johnson towards ladies preaching?_ （ A） He b
18、elieved that ladies, ere born worse preachers than men （ B） He was pleased that ladies could preach, though not as well as men （ C） He disapproved of ladies preaching （ D） He encouraged ladies to preach 22 Today, computers are still inferior to man in terms of_ （ A） decision making （ B） drives and f
19、eelings （ C） growth of reasoning power （ D） information absorption 23 In terms of making decisions, the human brain cannot be compared with the computer because_ （ A） in the long process of evolution the slow pace of life didnt require such an ability of the human brain （ B） the human brain is influ
20、enced by other factors such as motivation and emotion （ C） the human brain may sometimes freeze up in a dangerous situation （ D） computers imitate life while the human brain does not imitate computers 24 Though he thinks highly of the development of computer science, the author doesnt mean that_. （
21、A） computers are likely to become a new form of intelligent life （ B） human beings have lost control of computers （ C） the intelligence of computers will eventually surpass that of human beings （ D） the evolution of intelligence will probably depend on that of electronic brains 25 According to the p
22、assage, which of the following statements is TRUE?_ （ A） Future man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and blood （ B） Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a man （ C） The reasoning power of computers has already surpassed that of man （ D） Future intelligent life may not necessa
23、rily be made of organic matter 26 Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal pointsperiods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholar procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documen
24、ts ones findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof. Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The
25、new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?“ and “How did it happen?“ have given way to the question “Why did it happen? Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why“ is psycho
26、analysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory. Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology i
27、s not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts“ not from history, the detailed records of events and
28、 their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessibl
29、e to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is t
30、he “deepest“ explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of the truth. Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and
31、will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimil
32、ates all events, past and present, into single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances. 26 Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?_ （ A） The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it
33、lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method （ B） Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings ofpsychohistorians （ C） Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditionalhistorians （ D） History is composed
34、 of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence 27 It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which traditional history can be distinguished from psychohistory is that traditional history usually_ （ A） views past events as c
35、omplex and having their own individuality （ B） relies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical events （ C） interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcended （ D） turns to psychological explanations in historical contexts to account for eve
36、nts 28 It can be inferred from the passage that the methods used by psychohistorians probably prevent them from_ （ A） presenting their material in chronological order （ B） producing a one sided picture of an individuals personality and motivations （ C） uncovering alternative explanations that might
37、cause them to question their own conclusions （ D） offering a consistent interpretation of the impact of personality on historical events 29 The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?_ （ A） What are some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in historical
38、 interpretation? （ B） When were the conventions governing the practice of traditional history first established? （ C） What sort of historical figure is best suited for psychohistorical analysis? （ D） What is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by traditional historians? 30 Which of t
39、he following does the author mention as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?_ （ A） The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form （ B） Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars （ C） Past and curren
40、t events are all placed within the same deterministic schema （ D） Events in the adult life of a-historical figure are seen to be more consequential than arethose in the childhood of the figure 31 After decades of exile from US courts, the science of lie detection is gaining new acceptance. But the f
41、ederal government wants to put a stop to it, and the US Supreme Court has now agreed to consider a request from the Department of Justice to bar the technology from military courts. Uncertainties surround the science of lie detection, which uses a device called polygraph. In 1991, President George B
42、ush banned lie detector evidence in military courts. But that ban has since been overturned by the US Court of Military Appeals, which ruled that it restricts defendants rights to present evidence of their innocence. In the past two years, some federal courts have also ruled that polygraph evidence
43、can be heard. This follows a decision by the Supreme Court in 1993 that gave federal judges more discretion to decide on the admissibility of evidence. A polygraph consists of monitors for pulse rate, sweating and breathing rate. The device is supposed to uncover lies by recording increases in these
44、 measures as the subject answers questions. Critics have always argued that cunning defendants can control their physiological responses and sway polygraph results. But supporters of the technique argue that recent research has found it to be reliable. A psychologist named Charles Honts at a state u
45、niversity in Idaho, points to laboratory studies, some of them being his own, in which student-subjects were offered cash to sway the test results. This argument is rejected by Leonard Saxe, a psychologist at a Boston university. “There is a huge difference between students in a lab and a defendant,
46、“ he says. Guilty defendants have time in which to rehearse their lies, and can even come to believe them to be true. Saxe believes that the entire theoretical basis of lie detection is invalid. “It assumes you will be more nervous lying than telling the truth.“ But he says that for some people lies
47、 are trivial, while certain truths can be hard to swallow. David Faigman of the University of California says that if the Supreme Court upholds the military appeal courts decision to allow polygraph evidence, polygraph bans would be overturned in federal courts across US. “That will put a big burden
48、 on judges to understand the science, and lead to a lot more expert testimony in the courts,“ he predicts. The justice department fears that this will greatly increase the cost of trials. 31 According to the passage, which organizations raised the proposal to stop the practice of lie detection evide
49、nce in military court?_ （ A） Federal Government （ B） US Supreme Court （ C） Department of Justice （ D） Military Courts 32 Why has President Bushs ban on lie detector evidence in military courts in 1991 been overturned?_ （ A） Because lie detection is surrounded by uncertainties （ B） Because it restricts the defendants rights to prove that they are innocent （ C） Because 12 states also allow lie detection evidence to be heard in courts （
