1、Designation: D 1447 00Standard Test Method forLength and Length Uniformity of Cotton Fibers byFibrograph Measurement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1447; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the lengthand length uniformity of cotton fibers by use of the Fibro
3、graph.The test method is applicable to fibers taken from raw orpartially processed cotton or some types of cotton waste, butnot to fibers from blends of cotton with other fibers or to fibersrecovered from cotton yarns or fabrics.1.2 This test method covers procedures for all models of theDigital Fib
4、rograph, hereafter referred to as Fibrograph.NOTE 1Instructions for the use of Manual and Servo FibrographModels were included in the text of Test Method D 1447 in 1971 andprevious editions.NOTE 2For other methods covering the measurement of the length ofcotton fibers refer to Test Method D 1440.1.3
5、 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-p
6、riate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles2D 1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofCotton Fibers (Array Method)2D 1441 Practice for Sampling
7、 Cotton Fibers for Testing2D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles2D 3025 Practice for Standardizing Cotton Fiber Test Resultsby Use of Calibration Cotton Standards23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 amount, ncotton length testing with the Fibrograph,na measure of the thickness, or op
8、tical density, of the testbeard, proportional to the number of fibers present at variousdistances from the comb(s).3.1.2 fibrogram, nin cotton length testing with the Fib-rograph, the curve representing the second cumulation of thelength distribution of the fibers sensed by the length measuringinstr
9、ument in scanning the fiber board.3.1.3 span length (Fibrograph), nthe distance spanned bya specified percentage of the fibers in the test beard, taking theamount reading at the starting point of the scanning as 100 %.3.1.4 test beard, nin length testing of cotton, the portionof the test specimen th
10、at has been combed and brushed into a“beard” which protrudes from the outside of the comb(s) or theclamp(s).3.1.5 test specimen (Fibrograph), nthe cotton fibersplaced randomly on a Fibrograph comb(s) for fiber lengthmeasurements.3.1.6 uniformity ratio, nin cotton length testing with theFibrograph, t
11、he ratio between two span lengths expressed as apercentage of the longer length.3.1.6.1 Discussionvarious span lengths and measures oflength uniformity may be calculated from the results of themeasured points, but the 2.5 and 50 % span lengths and the50/2.5 uniformity ratio are usually used.3.1.7 Fo
12、r definitions of other textile terms used in thismethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Fibers are placed on comb(s) in such a way that they arecaught at random points along their lengths to form a beard.The beard is scanned photoelectrically from base to tip, theamount of l
13、ight passing through the beard being used as ameasure of the number of fibers that extend various distancesfrom the comb(s).4.2 The Fibrograph shows the amount and the lengthreadings from the Fibrogram being sensed on separate dials.The instrument can show percent, the distance spanned bypredetermin
14、ed percentages of the cotton fibers in the beard.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlledby the use of the same reference standard cotton samplesbecause the current estimates of between-laborator
15、y precisionare acceptable under these conditions. In case of dispute, thestatistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles,and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.Current edi
16、tion approved November 10, 2000. Published February 2001Originally published as D 1447 55. Last previous edition D 1447 89 (Reap-proved 1994)e1.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.1Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and the laboratory of the
17、seller should be determined with eachcomparison being based on testing randomized specimens fromone sample of material.5.2 Fibrograph measurements provide a relatively fastmethod for determining the length and length uniformity of thefibers in a sample of cotton in a reproducible manner.5.3 Results
18、of the Fibrograph length tests do not necessarilyagree with those obtained by other methods for measuringlengths of cotton fibers because of the effect of fiber crimp andother factors.5.4 Fibrograph tests are more objective than commercialstaple length classifications and also provide additional inf
19、or-mation on fiber length uniformity of cotton fibers. The cottonquality information provided by these results is used inresearch studies and quality surveys, in checking commercialstaple length classifications, in assembling bales of cotton intouniform lots, and for other purposes.5.5 Fibrograph me
20、asurements are based on the assumptionsthat a fiber is caught on the comb in proportion to its length ascompared to total length of all fibers in the sample and that thepoint of catch for a fiber is at random along its length.6. Apparatus6.1 Fibrograph,3Digital model, with accessory equipmentas show
21、n in Fig. 1.6.2 Fibrosampler, for the preparation of test specimens(optional) as shown in Fig. 2.7. Sampling7.1 Division into LotsFor acceptance testing purposes, thepurchaser and the supplier shall agree on what materialconstitutes a lot.7.2 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at
22、random the number of shipping containers directed inan applicable material specification or other agreement be-tween the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement touse Practice D 1441.7.3 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, select and prepare a 30 to 225 g (1 to
23、8 oz)subsample from each of the shipping containers in the lotsample, proceeding as directed in Practice D 1441 using eitherthe blended sample procedure or the subsample procedure asagreed between the purchaser and the supplier.7.4 Test SpecimensAs directed in Section 10, prepareeither two or four s
24、pecimens from each subsample in thelaboratory sample. For acceptance testing, test either two orfour specimens from each subsample in the laboratory sampleas agreed between the purchaser and the supplier.8. Preparation and Adjustment of Apparatus8.1 Set up the Fibrograph and adjust it as directed in
25、 themanufacturers instructions for the model being used.8.2 Set up and adjust the Fibrosampler as directed in themanufacturers instructions.8.3 Before making Fibrograph length tests, allow the instru-ment to warm up until it is electronically stable, then carefullycheck it both electronically and me
26、chanically by using themethods listed in 8.3.1-8.3.4 for specific items.8.3.1 Check the length and sensitivity controls according to3Instruments and accessories meeting these requirements may be obtained fromZellweger Uster, Inc., 456 Troy Circle, P. O. Box 51270, Knoxville, TN 37919-1270.FIG. 1 Dig
27、ital Fibrograph, Model 530D 14472the manufacturers instructions and recommendations for themodel being used. Compare the instrument measurement of thelength of a card or similar item to its known length to check thecorrectness of the length indicator.8.3.2 Compare the instrument measurement of light
28、 passagethrough different varying numbers of cellophane sheets tocheck the linearity or optical calibration.8.3.3 Measure specimens of cotton fibers from a laboratorycontrol sample with established length values (Note 3). Eachtechnician must measure separate specimens prepared from alaboratory contr
29、ol sample and obtain acceptable length resultsbefore performing similar measurements on specimens fromunknown samples. When unacceptable results are obtainedfrom the laboratory control sample, recheck the instrumentadjustments and the testing techniques until acceptable resultsare obtained (Note 4).
30、NOTE 3Standard calibration cotton samples for Fibrograph lengthtests are available from the Cotton Division, Agricultural MarketingService, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 4841 Summer Ave., Memphis,TN 38122, or other cottons may be used for routine calibration afterextensive tests in comparison wit
31、h USDA calibration samples haveestablished the test values and the uniformity of the material. See PracticeD 3025.NOTE 4The Fibrograph length results obtained are affected by theamount of combing performed on the specimens. Operators quickly learnthrough practice the amount of combing required to ob
32、tain acceptableresults for the tests on the laboratory control samples for the instrumentbeing used.8.3.4 Make additional length measurements of specimenstaken from the laboratory control sample at least every 2 hduring the day to maintain a continuing check on the level ofresults.9. Conditioning9.1
33、 Before preparing the specimens, bring the laboratorysample from the prevailing atmosphere to moisture equilibriumfor testing in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.Exposure to moving air for a period of at least4hisusuallyrequired, and a longer conditioning period is essential for largesam
34、ples and for moist samples. Preconditioning is not neces-sary.10. Preparation of Specimens10.1 Hand Combing Method:10.1.1 Place a portion of the conditioned laboratory sampleon a pair of Fibrograph combs. Distribute the fibers evenlyacross the width of the combs while placing the fibersrandomly alon
35、g their lengths on the teeth of the combs. Placesufficient cotton on the combs for each test specimen toproduce amount readings of 1.200 to 1.600.NOTE 5The exact amount of cotton within these limits does not affectthe length values obtained, and operators can quickly learn throughpractice the amount
36、 of fibers required for the instrument being used.10.1.2 Untangle and parallelize the beard of fibers protrud-ing from the outer side of the teeth of the combs by holding onecomb in each hand and gently combing the fibers from eachcomb with the teeth of the other comb. Transfer the fibers fromone co
37、mb to the other and repeat the combing operation ifdesirable to obtain a uniform distribution of fibers on thecombs.10.1.3 Check to see if there is an approximately uniformdistribution of fibers on each comb by holding the comb towardthe light. When the distribution is not satisfactory, transferfibe
38、rs from the denser to the lighter areas of each comb. Do thisFIG. 2 FibrosamplerD 14473by continuing the combing action as directed in 10.1.2 whileslightly tilting the teeth of the comb with the lighter area totransfer fibers from the denser area until a fairly uniformdistribution is obtained on eac
39、h comb.10.2 Fibrosampler Method (Fig. 2):10.2.1 Place the Fibrosampler comb in the combholder withthe teeth uppermost. Place the laboratory sample in thecylinder and press it against the curved and perforated sampleplate. Rotate the pivot arm for one complete counterclockwiserevolution while maintai
40、ning evenly distributed pressure overthe surface of the sample to load and comb the specimen ofcotton fibers. Take the loaded comb from the Fibrosampler,turn the sample around to present a new surface to theperforated plate. If a second comb is required, repeat the loadprocedure described above.10.2
41、.2 Clean the card clothing on the Fibrosampler periodi-cally to maintain effective combing action. To do this, raise therelease button to put the doffer in the cleaning position, rotatethe doffer one-half revolution clockwise to clean the clothingsector, and return it counterclockwise one-half revol
42、ution toclean the doffer.11. Procedure11.1 After the Fibrograph is in proper operating condition(see 8.3) and the correct combing procedure has been estab-lished, insert the loaded comb(s) into the combholder of theFibrograph with the beard of fibers pointing downward. Brushthe fibers with firm stro
43、kes of the Fibrograph brush to removeloose fibers, to straighten the other fibers without disturbingtheir distribution in the teeth of the comb(s), and thus completepreparation of the specimen.11.2 Lower the lens assembly and manipulate the controlsof the instrument to scan the fibers in accordance
44、with themanufacturers instructions for the model being used.11.3 Test either two or four specimens from each subsamplein the laboratory sample, depending on the precision desired,and if possible have two technicians participate with each onetesting one half the number of specimens.11.4 Read the span
45、 length values in inches or millimetresdirectly from the dials digital display of the Fibrograph forselected points in the length-frequency distribution for thedesired span lengths (Fig. 3).12. Calculation12.1 For the span lengths measured, average the results forall specimens in inches to two decim
46、al places or in millimetersto one decimal place.12.2 Calculate the uniformity ratio by dividing the averageof the shorter span lengths by the average of the longer spanlengths. Multiply the ratio by 100 to convert it to a percentageand round it off to a whole number.13. Report13.1 State that the spe
47、cimens were tested as directed inASTM Test Method D 1447. State the method of preparingspecimens used, such as hand combing or by the Fibrosampler,and the number of specimens tested for each subsample.13.2 Report the following information:13.2.1 Designation of the length and uniformity ratio valuesr
48、eported, such as 2.5 % span length, 50 % span length, and50/2.5 ratio.13.2.2 The average length and uniformity ratio.13.2.3 The source of the cotton fibers taken for testing, suchas raw cotton, card sliver, or waste.14. Precision and Bias14.1 Interlaboratory Test Data4An interlaboratory testwas carr
49、ied out in 1969 in which two operators in each of threelaboratories performed fiber length tests by Fibrograph mea-surement. Both operators tested two specimens from each offive subsamples from each cotton to establish standard valuesfor each of five different cottons. Each of the subsamples werecoded with a different number and the results were decodedafter the tests were completed. The operators performing thesetests had better than average skill and extensive experience.The levels of the participating laboratories were controlled bythe use of the same group of
