1、Designation: D1974/D1974M 10Standard Practice forMethods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing FiberboardBoxes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1974/D1974M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes several
3、methods for closing,sealing, and reinforcing fiberboard (solid and corrugated,excluding triple wall) shipping boxes used for shipment. Oneor several methods listed in this practice may be referenced inregulations, specifications, or contracts. (See Appendix forcross reference).1.2 The values stated
4、in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.NOTE 1Thi
5、s practice is intended to be workable in both inch-poundunits and SI units. Unit conversions are intended to be functional but arenot necessarily exact; this should not significantly affect the performanceof the closing, sealing, or reinforcing methods. Descriptions in inch-poundand SI units are con
6、sidered interchangeable in this practice.NOTE 2All references to this standard should be made by closurenumber.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safe
7、ty and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven Drying3D951 Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Con-tainers by Spray MethodD996 Ter
8、minology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD3654/D3654M Test Methods for Shear Adhesion ofPressure-Sensitive TapesD3759/D3759M Test Method for Breaking Strength andElongation of Pressure-Sensitive TapeD3950 Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Join-ing Methods)D3953 Specification f
9、or Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD4675 Guide for Selection and Use of Flat StrappingMaterialsD4727/D4727M Specification for Corrugated and SolidFiberboard Sheet Stock (Container Grade) and Cut ShapesD5118/D5118M Practice for
10、Fabrication of FiberboardShipping BoxesD5330/D5330M Specification for Pressure-Sensitive Tapefor Packaging, Filament-ReinforcedD5486/D5486M Specification for Pressure-Sensitive Tapefor Packaging, Box Closure, and SealingD5570 Test Method for Water Resistance of Tape andAdhesives Used as Box ClosureD
11、5749 Specification for Reinforced and Plain GummedTape for Sealing and SecuringF592 Terminology of Collated and Cohered Fasteners andTheir Application Tools2.2 U.S. Government Documents:4MMM-A-250 Adhesive, Water Resistant (For Closure ofFiberboard Boxes)2.3 Other Standards:International Fiberboard
12、Case Code5NOTE 3FEFCO5established a code of box styles to facilitate inter-national trade. The box codes consist of four-digit numbers; for example,1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on Paper and Paperboa
13、rdProducts.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D1974 98(2003).DOI: 10.1520/D1974_D1974M10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servic
14、eastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section
15、 D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.5International Fiberboard Case Code, European Federation of Manufacturers ofCorrugated Board (FEFCO), 37 rue dAmsterdam, 75008, Paris, France, 874-63-76.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
16、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.a regular slotted container was assigned the code 0201.3. Terminology3.1 General definitions for packaging and distribution envi-ronments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 crownstaple end opposite staple point, connectingboth staple legs
17、 and providing bearing area (F592).3.2.2 legstaple part connecting staple crown with staplepoint, driven through and into or through materials beingfastened (F592).3.2.3 stitchstaple cut and formed from wire immediatelyprior to driving by same machine (F592).3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This
18、 Standard:3.3.1 closurethe means of securing the flaps or covers ofa box so that the box will not accidentally open during normalshipment, handling, and storage.3.3.2 leg thicknessdimension of staple-leg cross sectionmeasured parallel to staple-crown axis (F592).3.3.3 leg widthdimension of staple-le
19、g cross section mea-sured perpendicular to staple-crown axis (F592).3.3.4 reinforcingthe means (when required) of improvingthe stability and integrity of a fiberboard box or closure so asto increase the performance level of the box during normalhandling, shipping, or storage.3.3.5 sealingthe means (
20、when required) of making a boxreasonably impervious to the entrance of extraneous material(such as dust) or to prevent the leakage of the box contentsduring distribution.3.3.6 setupthe forming of a knocked-down box (or boxsection) into a box (section) ready for filling, including the end,cover, and
21、section closures made before the box is filled.3.3.7 staplepreformed U-shaped wire fastener usuallywith two same-size pointed or pointless legs connected bycrown located opposite staple-point ends; designed to be drivenby strike, pneumatic, electric, manual, or spring tools throughor through and int
22、o layers of penetrable material and to holdtwo or more pieces together.3.3.8 wide crown staplea staple whose nominal width is114 in. approximately 32 mm or greater.3.3.9 wide crown stitcha stitch whose nominal width is114 in. approximately 32 mm or greater.4. Significance and Use4.1 The means of clo
23、sing the flaps of corrugated shippingcontainers is one of the important decisions for a shipper. Itmay affect the overall material cost, the labor costs, thepackaging equipment costs, and the performance of the boxduring distribution.4.2 This practice provides a list of many available proce-dures fo
24、r closing, sealing, and reinforcing boxes. Most of thesedescribe a particular packaging material and a particular use ofit on a box. Some methods involve package performancetesting; any closure or reinforcement which passes prescribedtests (usually on the proposed box and contents) is consideredto c
25、omply with that section of this practice. Performance-basedmethods are encouraged because they allow for considerableflexibility in the choice of packaging materials and methods yetprovide assurance of a given level of performance.4.3 Adiverse range of methods are described in this practicebut relat
26、ive performance levels are not given. Laboratorypackage testing such as Practice D4169 and field experienceare recommended to rate alternative methods on performancefor the intended use.4.4 The descriptions of materials and methods in thispractice provide direction for the procurement of materials a
27、ndfor their common uses on boxes. These descriptions may besufficient for some specification purposes, but others willrequire more thorough material and application requirementsthan those given here.4.5 The list of methods in this practice is not exhaustive;deviation or variation from the listed met
28、hods is possible withthe approval of the appropriate parties referencing this practice.Depending on the characteristics of the contents, the specificshipping container, the acceptable package costs, the distribu-tion hazards, and the desired degree of assurance of successfulshipment, more stringent
29、methods than those listed may beneeded or less stringent methods than those listed may beadequate. The methods described are typical uses of theclosure, reinforcing, or sealing materials; many of thesematerials can be used for other box styles or other methods onboxes but all of these are not includ
30、ed in this practice.Materials for box closure, reinforcement, or sealing are com-mercially available which have higher or lower performancecharacteristics than those listed in this practice; these may oftenbe used in a lesser or greater quantity than the describedapplications of the listed materials
31、.4.6 This practice assumes the following:4.6.1 The shipping container and inner packing are properlydesigned for the contents and the distribution hazards (seePractices D4169 and D5118/D5118M),4.6.2 Normal, reasonable care is taken in shipment, includ-ing storage, handling, loading, and bracing, and
32、4.6.3 Normal, reasonable care is taken in the application ofthe closure, reinforcing, or sealing materials to the shippingcontainer.5. Materials and Equipment5.1 Adhesives:5.1.1 Hot Melt AdhesivesHot melt adhesives are solid atroom temperature, liquified by heat, applied molten, and solidupon coolin
33、g to bond two surfaces. They are based onthermoplastic polymers modified with resins or waxes, or both,and are usually applied in the range of approximately 300 to400F approximately 150 to 200C. The adhesive shouldmaintain its functionality in environmental conditions expectedin distribution and sto
34、rage.5.1.2 Water-Borne AdhesivesSeveral types of adhesivesare available in which water is the vehicle or solvent. These aretypically applied at room temperature and the surfaces arecompressed together until the adhesive develops sufficientstrength to maintain substrate contact. The adhesive shouldma
35、intain its functionality in environmental conditions expectedin distribution and storage. The federal specification applicableto adhesives is MMM-A-250.5.1.3 Semi-automatic and fully automatic box closureequipment is available for the application of adhesives. HotD1974/D1974M 102melt adhesives are a
36、lso applied by hand held “guns.” Adhe-sives work best on clean, dry surfaces. It is important to havethe box flaps held in place until the hot melt adhesive solidifiesor the water borne adhesive develops sufficient bond.5.2 Pressure-Sensitive Tape:5.2.1 Pressure-Sensitive, Film-Backed TapeThis tapec
37、onsists of a film backing, usually a biaxially oriented polyl-propylene or polyester (some polyvinyl chloride films are alsoused), with a high tack pressure-sensitive adhesive. No sol-vents, heat, or moistening are needed. The tape should main-tain its functionality in the environmental conditions e
38、xpectedin distribution and storage. The applicable reference is Speci-fication D5486/D5486M.5.2.2 Pressure-Sensitive Filament TapeThis type of tapetypically consists of fiberglass filaments embedded in apressure-sensitive adhesive with a protective film backing.Several grades of tape are available.
39、The tape should maintainits functionality in environmental conditions expected in dis-tribution and storage. The applicable reference is SpecificationD5530.5.2.3 Pressure-Sensitive Paper TapeThis type of tape hasa backing of kraft paper and a pressure-sensitive adhesive. Thetape should maintain its
40、functionality in environmental condi-tions expected in distribution and storage. The applicablereference is Specification D5486/D5486M.5.2.4 A wide variety of tape dispensing and applyingequipment is available. Hand-held dispensers are common.Pressure-sensitive tapes also capable of being applied by
41、equipment at high speeds. Tapes work best on clean, drysurfaces. It is important to give an adequate rubdown topressure-sensitive tapes to develop sufficient bond to hold theflaps closed.5.2.5 Uses of pressure-sensitive tape in the closure, sealing,and reinforcing methods call for their commonly ava
42、ilablecommercial widths. The widths common in the U.S. Custom-ary system are not identical to the available metric replacementwidths. The most frequent width conversions are as follows:U.S. Customaryin.Metricmm0.5 120.75 1812424837NOTE 4The effect of this width difference on package performance isno
43、t considered significant.65.3 Gummed (Remoistenable) Tape:5.3.1 Reinforced Gummed TapesThis type of tape has awater activated adhesive and contains glass reinforcing fibersembedded between two sheets of paper, using nonasphalticbinders. Many constructions are available. The tape shouldmaintain its f
44、unctionality in environmental conditions expectedin distribution and storage. The applicable reference is Speci-fication D5749.5.3.2 Gummed Paper TapeThis type of tape has a backingof kraft paper and a water activated adhesive. The tape shouldmaintain its functionality in environmental conditions ex
45、pectedin distribution and storage. The applicable reference is Speci-fication D5749.5.3.3 A wide variety of tape dispensing and applyingequipment is available. Table top dispensers are common.Gummed tapes are capable of being applied by equipment athigh speeds. Tapes work best on clean, dry surfaces
46、. It isimportant to hold water activated tapes in place until theydevelop sufficient bond to hold the flaps closed.5.4 Staples and Stitches:5.4.1 Staples:5.4.1.1 Staples shall be of good commercial quality steeland have a minimum tensile strength of 80 000 psi 550 mPa.They shall have a rust-resistan
47、t coating of copper, zinc, or othermaterial. Staples and stiches listed in the closure methods ofthis practice shall meet or exceed the following minimums:Crown Width Leg Width Leg Thickness0.50 in. 12.5 mm 0.100 in. 2.5 mm 0.017 in. 0.43 mm1.25 in. 32 mm 0.072 in. 1.9 mm 0.033 in. 0.84 mm5.4.1.2 St
48、aples are collated and cohered into strips or rolls.The strips are designed for loading into straight magazines.The roll, also called a coil, allows the loading of a large numberof staples into a tool.5.4.1.3 Staples are driven by staplers. Two types of staplersare in common use.(a) One type of stap
49、ler uses moving anvils to clinch thestaple legs around the fiberboard. These tools drive the staplelegs through the flaps, simultaneously inserting anvils throughthe flap surface to meet and clinch the staple legs so they grabthe inner flaps and secure them to the outer flaps. The anvilsthen retract from the flaps.(b) The other type of stapler uses a stationary anvil to clinchthe staple legs. The anvil may be supported by a pedestal or byan arm attached to the stapler.(c) Each type of stapler is available as a manual device andas a p
