1、Designation: D 378 00Standard Test Methods forRubber (Elastomeric) Belting, Flat Type1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 378; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods (and references) cover the proce-dures for evaluating the physical properties of flat conveyorbelting. Performance criteria
3、for belting will not be detailedhere, but can be found through the RMA (Rubber Manufactur-ers Association) Conveyor and Elevator Belt Handbook, ANSI(American National Standards Institute), various governmentalauthorities, and the International Organization for Standardiza-tion (ISO). Belting for con
4、veying and elevating materialsgenerally is designated and defined as follows:1.1.1 Heavy Duty ConveyorA heavy duty belt is definedas belting designed for bulk haulage of materials, such as stone,crushed rock, sand, metals ores, coal, wood chips, etc., and hasa carcass strength (design) substantial e
5、nough to withstandconveyor system tensions of 160 PIW2(pounds per inch ofwidth) and above.1.1.2 Light Duty ConveyorA light duty belt is defined asbelting designed for conveying a variety of lower weight(density) materials, packages, industrial and electronic goods,and food products. These belts ofte
6、n are shorter in length andwidth, with less overall thickness than heavy duty belting, andare generally used in conveyor systems with tensions less than160 PIW.1.1.3 General DescriptionBelting can have elastomericcoverings on one side, both sides, or neither side dependingupon the specific applicati
7、on requirements. Belt coverings arecomprised of various synthetic or natural rubber polymers,PVC, or other elastomeric materials, dependent upon applica-tion or customer requirements. The strength (load bearing)member(s) of most belting generally is a woven or interwovencarcass of synthetic or natur
8、al fibers, such as, but not limited to,polyester, nylon, polyaramide and cotton, as well as steel(cable/cord type or woven mesh).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of theapplication specific testing available or safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility
9、 of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTension3D 413 Test Methods for Rubber
10、 PropertyAdhesion toFlexible Substrate3D 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of Liq-uids3D 573 Test Method for RubberDeterioration in an AirOven3D 624 Test Method for Tear Strength of ConventionalVulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers3D 865 Test Method for RubberDeterioration by Heatin
11、gin Air (Test Tube Enclosure)3D 1149 Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurfaceOzone Cracking in a Chamber3D 1415 Test Method for Rubber PropertyInternationalHardness3D 1630 Test Method for Rubber PropertyAbrasion Resis-tance (Footwear Abrader)3D 1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients
12、 ofFriction of Plastic Film and Sheeting4D 2228 Test Method for Rubber PropertyAbrasion Resis-tance (Pico Abrader)3D 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardness3D 3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for TestPurposes From Products3D 3389 Test Method for Coated Fabrics Abrasion Res
13、is-tance (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Abrader)5D 3767 Practice for RubberMeasurement of Dimensions3D 4483 Practice for Determining Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Industries3D 5963 Test Method for Rubber PropertyAbrasion Resis-tance Rotary Drum Abrader31These test
14、methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 onRubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.31 on Rubber Hoseand Belting.Current edition approved Aug. 6, 2002. Published July 2000. Last previousedition D 378 91 (1999).2PIW is not an SI unit.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
15、 Vol 09.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.2 ISO Standards6:ISO 282 Conveyor BeltsSamplingISO 283 Conveyor BeltsFull Thickness Tens
16、ile Strengthand ElongationSpecifications and Method of TestISO 284 Conveyor BeltsElectrical ConductivitySpecification and Method of TestISO 340 Conveyor BeltsFlame RetardationSpecifications and Test MethodISO 471 RubberTemperatures, Humidities and Times forConditioning and TestingISO 505 Conveyor Be
17、ltsTear Propagation Resistance ofthe CarcassMethod of TestISO 4649 RubberDetermination of Abrasion ResistanceUsing a Rotating Cylindrical Drum DeviceISO 7590 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsCover ThicknessMeasurementISO 76221 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsLongitudinalTraction TestPart 1: Measurement of Elongati
18、onISO 76222 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsLongitudinalTraction TestPart 2: Measurement of Tensile StrengthISO 7623 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsCord-to-CoatingBond TestInitial Test and After Thermal TreatmentISO 8094 Steel Cord Conveyor BeltsAdhesion StrengthTest of the Cover to the Core LayerISO 9856 Convey
19、or BeltsDetermination of ElasticModulus2.3 RMA Technical Bulletins and Test Methods:IP-1 Conveyor and Elevator Belt Handbook72.4 U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA):30 CFR 18.65 - Flame testing of Conveyor Belting andHose82.5 Deutsches Institut fur Normung e.V. (DIN):DIN 53516Testing o
20、f Rubber and Elastomers; Determi-nation of Abrasion Resistance93. Summary of Test Methods3.1 ASTM test methods are specified to the extent that theycan be applied to testing of flat belts.3.2 Some of the test methods specified for flat belts arespecific to flat belts only and do not appear in any ot
21、her ASTMstandard; however, some of these may involve use of ASTMtest methods.3.3 The test methods include the following:Test Methods SectionMeasurement of Dimensions 8Physical Properties of Elastomeric Covers 9Immersion Tests 10Adhesion Tests 11Breaking Strength and Modulus Testing 12Flame Test for
22、Belting 13Carcass Tear Test 14Troughability Test 15Breaking Strength of Mechanical Fastenings (Static Test Method) 16Elevator Belt Bolt Holding Strength Test 17Steel Cord/Cable Belt Testing 184. Significance and Use4.1 Flat conveyor belts are used in many industrial applica-tions in which they are s
23、ubjected to a great variety of stressesand conditions. Service conditions can be calculated or mea-sured. Design levels and test requirements are established bymanufacturers, or end-users, or both. The tests (test methods)are used to measure the characteristics of conveyor belting asthey relate to s
24、ervice conditions.4.2 The tests outlined by these test methods are commonlyapplied by belt manufacturers to control the quality of theirproducts.4.3 Research and product development activities in flatbelting involve extensive testing as outlined by these testmethods.4.4 In case of conflict between t
25、he provisions of these testmethods and those of detailed specifications or test methods fora particular belt, the latter shall take precedence.4.5 In case of conflict between the provisions of these testmethods and those of detailed specifications or test methods fora particular belt, the latter sha
26、ll take precedence.5. Sampling5.1 Test samples shall be the full width and thickness of thebelt and shall be of sufficient length and width to perform thedesired tests.5.2 The level or number of samples required from each belt(or lot) shall be sufficient to cover the primary characteristic(s)being t
27、ested. Adhesion, overall thickness, hardness, and coverthickness testing usually requires a sample from each end ofthe belt or lot as a minimum. Reference ISO 282 for interna-tional sampling requirements.6. Number of Tests6.1 When minimum requirements are established, onespecimen shall be tested for
28、 each physical characteristicrequired in the detailed specifications for a particular belt.6.2 If minimum requirements are not established, a medianof the values for three specimens shall be taken as thecharacteristics of the piece, except that under referee condi-tions the mean value for five speci
29、mens shall be used.6.3 When doing immersion and aging tests it is necessary totest three specimens both before and after immersion or agingto determine a percentage change.7. Test Conditions7.1 Unless otherwise specified, conditioning and testingshall be carried out at a temperature of 23 6 2C (73.4
30、 63.6F) and 50 65 % RH. Unless otherwise specified (for otherthan quality control), sample specimens shall be conditionedfor at least three days at the standard conditions. Any and alltest temperatures and conditions are reported.7.2 For time between manufacture and test unless otherwisespecified (f
31、or other than quality control), test pieces shall be cutor prepared at least five days after the belt is manufactured.6Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13thFloor, New York, NY 10036.7Available from the Rubber Manufacturers Association, 1400 K St. N.W., Suite900,
32、Washington D.C. 20005, (202) 682-4800, www.rma.org.8Available from Mine Safety then, strip the elasto-meric cover from one surface and measure the thickness of thecarcass, including the remaining cover. The difference betweenthe first and second measurements will represent the thicknessof the cover
33、removed. Follow the same procedure on the testspecimen from which the first cover has been removed whenthe thickness of the other cover is required. The test specimenmay consist of a small section cut from the belt. In many cases,especially with PVC or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer) beltingof interwo
34、ven (solid woven) carcass construction, the coverscannot be removed without distorting the sample. Buffing, toremove thermoplastic cover(s) from the specimen, may benecessary. In other cases, a hand-held micrometer or opticalmicrometer is used to measure the thickness of the compo-nents.8.5 Thicknes
35、s of Cover When a Breaker Is UsedThethickness of the cover shall include the breaker, unless other-wise specified.9. Physical Properties Of Elastomeric Covers Or BeltSurfaces (Or Both)ScopeA number of specific test procedures for determin-ing a variety of physical properties of conveyor belt coverma
36、terial are detailed in this section. These tests are extensiveand are referenced to established test procedures; primarilyexisting ASTM and ISO standards. It is beyond the scope andnecessity of this section to detail every procedure in its entirety.This section is intended to serve as a guide for th
37、e testing ofthese materials. The routine tests (and references) for tensile,elongation, hardness, tear resistance, and accelerated aging arecovered through Section 9.6. More specific tests (references)for other properties, such as coefficient of friction, abrasionresistance, ozone deterioration, and
38、 static conductivity arecovered through Sections 9.7-9.10, respectively.9.1 ApparatusThe dies, bench marker, stamp, pad, mi-crometer, testing machine, testing machine grips, and calibra-tion of the testing machine shall conform to Test MethodD 412.9.2 Test Specimens:9.2.1 Preparation of Cover Pieces
39、Separate the coversfrom the carcass according to Practice D 3183. Buff the coversif necessary to obtain smooth parallel surfaces. If possible,cover pieces should be about 150 mm (6 in.) long, at least 25mm (1 in.) wide, and 2.0 60.2 mm (0.08 60.008 in.) thick. Inno case shall the thickness exceed 3
40、mm (0.12 in.) or be lessthan 1 mm (0.04 in.). A meat slicer or commercial skiving toolcan be used to remove adequate sample specimens from thebelt cover. If cover pieces cannot be obtained from the belt,molded sheets prepared from the same unvulcanized rubbercompound with an equivalent state of vulc
41、anization may berequested from the belt manufacturer.9.2.2 Preparation of Test SpecimenThe test specimenshall be stamped out from the separated cover with a steel dieconforming to A, B, or C of Fig. 1 of Test Methods D 412. DieB shall be used when the size of the sample and the tension andstretch li
42、mits of the testing machine permit, with exceptions asexplained below. If the tension limit is too low for the machine,Die A shall be used. If the stretch limit is too high for themachine, Die C shall be used. Die C shall be used for samplesthat are too small for Die A or B.9.2.3 MarkingDumbbell spe
43、cimens shall be marked withthe prescribed stamp pad and either of the prescribed benchmarkers described in Test Methods D 412. Aged or immerseddumbbell specimens shall be marked after oven aging orimmersion testing.9.3 ProcedureUse the procedure for tensile testing, mea-suring and recording in accor
44、dance with Test Methods D 412.Measure and record the elongation to the nearest 10 % of theoriginal distance between bench (reference) marks.9.3.1 Calculations:9.3.2 Tensile StrengthThe tensile strength (stress) is theapplied force relative to the original cross-sectional area. It iscalculated by div
45、iding the force in N (lbf) by the cross-sectional area of the unstressed specimen in square meters(in.2) and is expressed in MPa or psi.9.3.3 ElongationThe elongation (strain) is the extensionbetween bench (reference) marks, produced by a tensile forceapplied to a specimen, relative to the original
46、distance betweenthe marks. It is calculated by dividing the distance extendedbeyond the original distance by the original distance and ismultiplied by 100 to get percent.9.4 Cover HardnessRefer to either Test Method D 1415or D 2240 for procedures and calculation. The values should beexpressed in Int
47、ernational Hardness or Durometer Hardnessunits.9.5 Cover Tear TestTesting is conducted per ASTMD 624. Results are expressed in units of pounds per inch(thickness), ppi, or kilo Newtons per meter, kN/m. The typedie, B, C, or trouser test method shall be included in the testreport. Preparation of the
48、samples is accomplished as describedin 9.2.1.D3780039.6 Procedure For Physical Properties Of Elastomeric Cov-ers After Heat AgingProceed in accordance with either TestMethod D 573 or D 865.9.7 Coeffcients Of Friction, Static And KineticTestMethod D 1894 is used to determine relative values for these
49、surface properties.9.8 Abrasion ResistanceTest methods used and referredto most frequently in the conveyor belt industry are PICO (TestMethod D 2228), TABOR (Test Method D 3389), NBS (TestMethod D 1630), DIN 53516, ISO 4649, and Test MethodD 5963.9.9 Ozone ResistanceThe effect of exposure to ozone isdetermined by Test Method D 1149 with results reported aspass/fail (cracking) for exposures to specified ozone concen-trations in parts per hundred million (pphm), at specifictemperatures and time duration(s).9.10 Electrical Surface Re
