1、Designation: D 429 03e1Standard Test Methods forRubber PropertyAdhesion to Rigid Substrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 429; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEAdjunct reference was corrected editorially in April 2006.1. S
3、cope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing thestatic adhesional strength of rubber to rigid materials (in mostcases metals).Method ARubber Part Assembled Between Two ParallelMetal Plates.Method B90 Stripping TestRubber Part Assembled toOne Metal Plate.Method CMeasuring Adhesion of Rubbe
4、r to Metal with aConical Specimen.Method DAdhesion TestPost-Vulcanization (PV) Bond-ing of Rubber to Metal.Method E90 Stripping TestRubber Tank LiningAssembled to One Metal Plate.Method FRubber Part Assembled Between Two ParallelConvex-Shaped Metal PlatesMethod GMeasuring Bond Durability for Rubber-
5、to-MetalBonded Components with a Double Shear Cylindrical Speci-menMethod HMeasuring Bond Durability for Rubber-to-MetalBonded Components with a Quadruple Shear Specimen1.2 While the test method may be used with a wide varietyof rigid materials, use of materials other than metals is theexception. Fo
6、r this reason, we have used the word “metal” inthe text rather than “rigid materials.”1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associat
7、ed with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusD 395 T
8、est Methods for Rubber PropertyCompressionSetD 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD 413 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion toFlexible SubstrateD 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD 572 Test Method for RubberDeterioration by Heat andOxyg
9、enD 573 Test Method for RubberDeterioration in an AirOvenD 1149 Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurfaceOzone Cracking in a ChamberD 3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, andProcedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized SheetsD 3183 Practice for RubberPrepara
10、tion of Pieces for TestPurposes from ProductsD 3491 Test Methods for Vulcanizable Rubber Tank andPipe Lining3E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesG23 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus(Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposureof Nonmetallic Materials32.2 AST
11、M Adjuncts:Holding Fixture Drawings43. Significance and Use3.1 These test methods are designed primarily for speci-mens prepared in a laboratory under standardized conditions1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 onRubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommitte
12、e D11.25 on RubberAdhesive Systems.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published January 2004. Originallyapproved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 429 02a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
13、For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Complete detail drawings of the fixture are available from ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD0429. Original adjunct produced in 1959.1Copyright ASTM In
14、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.such as may be used to provide data for development andcontrol of rubber compounds and methods of manufacture.With slight modifications as indicated, Methods A, B, C, D,and E are also used for obtaining
15、comparative adhesion testvalues of production parts whenever the design permits prepa-ration of suitable test specimens. Methods A, B, C, and D areapplicable in the case of many products in which rubber is usedfor controlling vibration.METHOD ARUBBER PART ASSEMBLEDBETWEENTWO PARALLEL METAL PLATES4.
16、Terminology Adhesion Failure Terminology4.1 R indicates the failure is in the rubber.4.2 RC indicates the failure is at the rubber-cover cementinterface.4.3 CP indicates the failure is at the cover cement-primecement interface.4.4 M indicates the failure is at the metal-prime cementinterface.NOTE 1E
17、xampleThe percentages of the various types of failuremay be estimated as in the following examples:R-50, RC-50 means that roughly one half or 50 % of the area showedfailure in the rubber and the other 50 % showed failure at the rubber covercement interface.R-25, RC-25, M-50 means three types of fail
18、ure were present with theM indicating 50 % failure at the metal-primer interface.5. Significance and Use5.1 Method A is used to determine adhesion values ininstances where users feel this design is more reflective of anactual product and where control tests have been set up as aresult. The sample al
19、so lends itself to testing the effectivenessof different processing techniques and various adhesive sys-tems.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing MachineA tension testing machine conform-ing to the requirements of Practices E4 shall be used formeasuring the strength of adhesion. The moving head of themachine sha
20、ll travel at the uniform rate of 0.40 6 0.04 mm/s(1.0 6 0.1 in./min). The machine shall be provided with arecording device to give the total force in Newtons or pouds-force at the conclusion of the test. A machine of not more than40 kN (10 000 lbf) capacity will be found suitable in mostcases.6.2 Gr
21、ipsThe fixtures for holding the specimen in thetesting machine will depend on the type of specimen but in allcases shall be provided with ball seats to permit propercentering of the load during the test. A typical adhesion testassembly is shown in Fig. 1. Specially molded laboratoryspecimens shall b
22、e attached by means of threaded studs on themetal parts as shown in Fig. 2, but with specimens cut fromproduction parts the clamp illustrated in Fig. 3 may be used.7. Standard Test Specimens7.1 The standard test specimen shall consist of a cylinder ofrubber 3.2 6 0.1 mm thick (0.125 6 0.005 in.) and
23、 an end areaof 1250 6 5mm2or 2.00 6 0.01 in.2(diameter of 39.9 6 0.1mm (1.597 6 0.005 in.) attached to the faces of two metalplates each at least 9.5 mm (0.37 in.) in thickness and of thesame diameter as the rubber cylinder. The metal plates shallhave smooth flat faces that shall be parallel in the
24、finishedspecimen. The cylindrical shape is used to eliminate sharpcorners and to give uniform distribution of the pulling force.NOTE 2While a 1250 mm2(2 in.2) area test specimen shall beconsidered the standard for reference purposes, it shall be permissible touse a specimen of only 625 mm2(1 in.2) i
25、n area, when it is desirable toprepare and cure a large number of test specimens at one time. Thediameter of this test specimen shall be 28.21 6 0.02 mm (1.129 6 0.001FIG. 1 An Example of an Adhesion Test Specimen Attached in a Testing MachineD42903e12in.) and the unvulcanized piece shall be cut to
26、dimensions of approxi-mately 24 mm (1516 in.) in diameter and approximately 5 mm (316 in.) inthickness (approximately 10 % volume excess).8. Laboratory Preparation of Standard Test Specimens8.1 Prepare the standard test specimen to be used fordevelopment and control purposes in the laboratory as de-
27、scribed in 8.2 through 8.6.8.2 Machine circular metal parts of standard dimensionsfrom rolled bar steel SAE No. 10205for standard referencepieces. However, other metals may be used if in conformitywith the essential dimensions. Prepare smoothly machined testfaces of the metals in accordance with any
28、 test method forsecuring adhesion that may be under investigation.8.3 Cut unvulcanized rubber pieces to dimensions of ap-proximately 35 mm (138 in.) in diameter and approximately 5mm (316 in.) in thickness so as to give maximum pressure ofthe rubber against the metal surface during vulcanization (se
29、eFig. 2). Clean or treat surfaces to be adhered in accordancewith the method being investigated.8.4 Assemble the metal parts and rubber pieces for vulca-nization in the mold. A typical mold and test piece are shownin Fig. 4. The test method of assembly is illustrated in Fig. 2.The mold is so constru
30、cted that there is obtained aftervulcanization approximately 0.039 mm (0.0015 in.) of rubberover the edge of the metal to eliminate tearing of the rubberduring test from the sharp edge of the metal. Prior to vulcani-zation, take great care to keep the surfaces to be adhered cleanand free of dust, mo
31、isture, or other foreign material. Do nottouch surfaces with the hands.8.5 Vulcanize by heating the mold for a definite time at acontrolled temperature in a hydraulic vulcanization press.Choose the time and temperature of cure according to therubber compound used.At the conclusion of the cure, take
32、carein removing the specimens from the mold to avoid subjectingthe adhered surfaces to stress before the specimens havecooled.8.6 After vulcanization, store the specimens at a tempera-ture of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) at least 16 h prior to testing.9. Test Specimens from Production Parts9.1 For comparat
33、ive test of adhesion in production parts, itis necessary to select a portion of the part so that a specimenconsisting of a rubber piece sandwiched between two parallelplates of metal may be cut. Hollow-mill a specimen out of theproduction part and finish the piece either by turning orgrinding down t
34、o size in such a manner that the surfaces of therubber and metal shall be free of imperfections that would haveany tendency to start a tear in the rubber part during theapplication of tension while testing.9.2 In routine production testing, it is sometimes necessaryto test specimens of different siz
35、e and shape than thosespecified as standard. In such cases, the test method ofpreparation shall be similar to that given in 9.1, but the testresults secured shall not be compared with those obtained usingthe standard test specimen.10. Procedure10.1 Mount the vulcanized standard test specimen or thes
36、pecimen cut from a production part in the testing machine, asshown in Fig. 1, using care in centering and adjustment so thatthe tension shall be uniformly distributed. Apply a steadytension load at the specified machine speed until the rubbereither separates from the metal surface or ruptures. Recor
37、d thetotal force at the time of failure.10.2 In case of rupture in the rubber, the strength of theadhesion bond is obviously not measured, but is shown to begreater than the strength of the rubber itself. Record the type ortypes of failure, and express in accordance with the adhesionfailure terminol
38、ogy described in 4. Estimate and record thepercentages of the various types of failures.11. Calculation11.1 Express the adhesion value in pascals or pounds-forceper square inch and calculate by dividing the tension forcecausing failure by the original area of the adhered surface thatseparates. In ca
39、se of rupture of the rubber, the adhesion valueis recognized as being higher than that reported.12. Report12.1 The report shall include the following, preferablyreported on an Adhesion Test Data Sheet as illustrated in Table1:5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and ma
40、ybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D111040.FIG. 2 Views of a Typical Test Specimen Showing Individual Metal Parts and Rubber CylindersD42903e1312.1.1 The result, calculated in accordance with Section 11,12.1.2 All observed and recorded data including the numberof test pieces involved,12.
41、1.3 Notation of type or types of failure, and the estimatedpercentages of the various types of failures (Section 10),12.1.4 A description of the specimen including a statementof the test method used for determining adhesion, if known,and a notation indicating whether the specimen was molded inthe la
42、boratory or prepared from a production part,12.1.5 Dimensions of the test specimen (comparisons maybe made only among specimens of the same size and shape),12.1.6 Date of manufacture or vulcanization, if known,12.1.7 Time and temperature of vulcanization, if known,12.1.8 Temperature of test room, an
43、d12.1.9 Date of test.13. Precision and Bias513.1 Precision and bias do not exist for this test methodbecause resources necessary for round-robin testing have notbeen forthcoming.METHOD B90 STRIPPING TESTRUBBERPART ASSEMBLED TO ONE METAL PLATE14. Significance and Use14.1 This test is intended for det
44、ermining the adhesivestrength of rubber-to-metal bonding agents. The results areobtained by measuring the force necessary to separate a rubberfrom a metal surface. The data obtained indicate the strength ofadhesion along a line across the width of the rubber strip beingseparated from a metal plate a
45、t a 90 angle. The test providesvaluable data for development and control of rubber com-pounds and test methods of bonding, and it also serves as ascreening test for the evaluation of various bonding agents ortechniques, or both.NOTE 3It is permissible to use a 45 angle to bring about separation,but
46、if this is done, the same should be indicated on the form on which thedata are recorded. If this notation does not appear, it must be assumed thatthe 90 angle has been used. The angle of pull, in this case 45, merelymeans that the equipment has been so designed that the angle made by thatface of the
47、 rubber being stripped from the metal and the metal to which ithas been adhered is 45. Experience indicates a lower force is obtained forthe 45 angle than for the 90 angle, and also a break significantly closerto the bond interface.15. Adhesion Failure Terminology15.1 R indicates the failure is in t
48、he rubber.15.2 RC indicates the failure is at the rubber-cover cementinterface.15.3 CP indicates the failure is at the cover cement-primecement interface.15.4 M indicates the failure is at the metal-prime cementinterface.NOTE 4ExampleThe percentages of the various types of failuremay be estimated as
49、 in the following examples:R-50, RC-50 means that roughly one half or 50 % of the area showedfailure in the rubber and the other 50 % showed failure at the rubber-covercement interface.R-25, RC-25, M-50 means that three types of failure are present with theM indicating 50 % failure at the metal-primer interface.16. Apparatus16.1 Testing MachineA power driven test machineequipped to produce a uniform rate of grip separation shall beused for measuring the strength of adhesion. The head of themachine shall travel at the uniform rate o
