1、Designation: D8 17aD8 17bStandard Terminology Relating toMaterials for Roads and Pavements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard incorporates generic terms and generic definitions of terms specifically associated with road and pavingmaterials. These generic ter
3、ms and definitions are used within the standards developed by Committee D04 on Road and PavingMaterials.1.2 Only terms that appear in more than one standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D04 will be included in TerminologyD8.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with inte
4、rnationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2026/
5、D2026M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Slow-Curing Type)D2027/D2027M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Medium-Curing Type)D2028/D2028M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-Curing Type)D3142/D3142M Test Method for Specific Gravity, API Gravity, or Density of Cutback Asphalts by Hydrometer Met
6、hodD4124 Test Method for Separation of Asphalt into Four FractionsD4552 Practice for Classifying Hot-Mix Recycling AgentsD5505 Practice for Classifying Emulsified Recycling Agents3. Terminologyaggregate, na granular material used as a construction material, meeting the requirements of road and pavin
7、g applications.DISCUSSIONExamples of aggregate include sand, gravel, shell, slag, and crushed stone. See coarse aggregate and fine aggregate for more information.air voids (Va),(Pa), nthe volume of air between the asphalt-coated aggregate particles throughout a compacted asphalt mix,expressed as a p
8、ercent of the total volume of the sample.DISCUSSIONA variable previously used for this term was Va.anionic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negative chargeson the discontinuous phase.API gravity, na function of specific gravity repr
9、esented by the equation in Test Method D3142/D3142M.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved May 1, 2017June 15, 2017. Published May 2017June 2017. Or
10、iginally approved in 1912. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D8 17.17a.DOI: 10.1520/D0008-17A.10.1520/D0008-17B.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer
11、to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all chang
12、es accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
13、ted States1DISCUSSIONA specific gravity scale developed by the American Petroleum Institute (API) used to compare how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared towater.asphalt, nA dark brown to black cement-like residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distill
14、ation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processingof distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commercial applications. These additionalprocesses can
15、involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness characteristics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen.asphalt binder, nasphalt which may or may not contain an asphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier).DISCUSSIONthis term is often used in the Performance Graded Bin
16、der system.asphalt cement, nSee asphaltasphalt concrete, nSee asphalt mix.asphalt mix (asphalt mixture), na mixture of asphalt binder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggregates. The mixturemay also include other materials.asphalt pavement,pavement, na structure consisting of one or more
17、prepared layers of asphalt mix atop one or more supportinglayers of unbound, modified, or treated subgrade, subbase or base materials.asphalt-rubber, na blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tire rubber, and certain additives in which the rubber component is atleast 15 % by weight of the total blend an
18、d has reacted in the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of the rubberparticles.asphaltenes, ninsoluble materials that are precipitated by use of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction should be identified by the solvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used.ba
19、nk gravel, ngravel found in natural deposits, usually more or less intermixed with fine material, such as sand or clay, orcombinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey gravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of thematerials in the mixture.bitumen, ndark brown to black
20、cement-like residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processingof distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material wh
21、ose physical properties are suitable for commercial applications. These additionalprocesses can involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness characteristics. In North America bitumen is calledasphalt.bituminous, adjcontaining or treated with bitumen (also bi
22、tuminized).DISCUSSIONExamples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts and fabrics, bituminous pavement.bituminous emulsion, n(1) a suspension of minute globules of bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution,(2) a suspension of minute globules of water or of an aqueous solution in a liqui
23、d bituminous material.blast-furnace slag, nthe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of calcium and other bases,that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace.DISCUSSIOND8 17b2Depending on the way of cooling of the liquid
24、slag, it can be distinguished between crystalline air-cooled blast furnace (ACBF) slag and glassygranulated blast furnace (GBF) slag.bulk density, nthe ratio of the mass of a material to the volume it occupies.DISCUSSIONAnother common phrase for this term is unit weight.bulk specific gravity, nthe r
25、atio of the mass of a given volume of material, including the impermeable and permeable voids,to the mass of an equal volume of water at a specified temperature.DISCUSSIONThis term is also sometimes referred to as relative density.cationic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particular emulsif
26、ying agent establishes a predominance of positive chargeson the discontinuous phase.clinker, ngenerally a fused or partly fused by-product of the combustion of coal, but also including lava and portland-cementclinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick.coal tar, na dark brown to black cementitious
27、material produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.coarse aggregate, n(1) aggregate predominantly retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) the portion of aggregate retainedon the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied under differing cir
28、cumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural conditionor after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the specification.Some specifying agencies use alternative sieve sizes to
29、 define coarse aggregate, such as the No. 8 and 38 in.coke-oven tar, ncoal tar produced in by-product coke ovens in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.crack filler, nbituminous material used to fill and seal cracks in existing pavements.crusher-run, nthe total unscreened product of a stone
30、 crusher.cutback asphalt, nasphalt binder which has been blended with hydrocarbon distillates.DISCUSSIONSlow-curing materials may be made and are often referred to as road oils. See Specifications D2026/D2026M, D2027/D2027M, and D2028/D2028M.dense-graded aggregate, nan aggregate that has a particle
31、size distribution such that when it is compacted, the resulting voidsbetween the aggregate particles, expressed as a percentage of the total space occupied by the material, are relatively small.dust binder, na light application of bituminous material for the express purpose of laying and bonding loo
32、se dust.fine aggregate, n(1) aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve or (2) the portion of aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4)sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural condi
33、tionor after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the specifications.Some specifying agencies use alternative sieve sizes to define fine aggregate, such as the 2.36-mm (No. 8) and 9.50-mm (38-in.) sieve.fog se
34、al, na light application of bituminous material to an existing pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal the surface,or both. Medium and slow-setting bituminous emulsions are usually used and may be diluted with water.fractured face, nan angular, rough, or broken surface of an aggregate par
35、ticle created by crushing, by other artificial means, orby nature.“free-carbon” in tars, nthe hydrocarbon fraction that is precipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide or benzene.D8 17b3gas-house coal tar, ncoal tar produced in gas-house retorts in the manufacture of illuminating gas fr
36、om bituminous coal.macadam, dry-bound and water bound, na pavement layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate choked in placewith an application of screenings or sand; water is applied to the choke material for water-bound macadam. Multiple layers mustbe used.maintenance mix, na mixture
37、of bituminous material and mineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use in patchingholes, depressions, and distress areas in existing pavements using appropriate hand or mechanical methods in placing andcompacting the mix. These mixes may be designed for immediate use or for use out of a
38、 stockpile at a later time without furtherprocessing.maltenes, na red-brown to black heavy oil material remaining after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt binder with selectedsolvents.maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening
39、 through which theentire amount of aggregate is required to pass.mesh, nthe square opening of a sieve.mixed-in-place (road mix), na bituminous surface or base course produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-back asphalt,bituminous emulsion, or tar at the job-site by means of travel plants, motor
40、 graders, drags, or special road-mixing equipment.Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, and sandy soil may be used.mulch treatment, na spray application of bituminous material used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area. Thebituminous material can be applied to the soil or to straw or hay
41、mulch as a tie-down, also.native asphalt, nasphalt occurring as such in nature.nominal maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening throughwhich the entire amount of the aggregate is permitted to pass.DISCUSSIONSpecifications on aggreg
42、ates usually stipulate a sieve opening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass so that a stated maximumproportion of the aggregate may be retained on that sieve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.normal temperature, nas applied to laboratory observations of
43、 the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25C(77F).oil-gas tars, ntars produced by cracking oil vapors at high temperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.penetration, nthe consistency of a bituminous material expressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm) that astandard ne
44、edle penetrates vertically a sample of the material under specified conditions of loading, time, and temperature.penetration macadam, na pavement layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate, penetrated in place by a heavyapplication of bituminous material, followed by an application of a
45、smaller size coarse aggregate, and compacted. Multiplelayers containing still smaller coarse aggregate may be used.pitches, nblack or dark-brown solid cementitious materials which gradually liquefy when heated and which are obtained asresidua in the partial evaporation or fractional distillation of
46、tar.plant mix, cold-laid, na mixture of cut-back asphalt, bituminous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregate prepared in a centralbituminous mixing plant and spread and compacted at the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambient temperature.plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, na mi
47、xture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregate usually prepared ina conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer and spread and compacted at the job site at a temperature above ambient.prime coat, nan application of a low-viscosity bituminous material to an absorptive surface, designed to penetrate, bon
48、d, andstabilize this existing surface and to promote adhesion between it and the construction course that follows.reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), nasphalt pavement or paving mixture removed from its original location for use inrecycled asphalt paving mixture.recycled asphalt paving mixture, na mix
49、ture of reclaimed asphalt pavement with the inclusion, if required, of asphalt cement,emulsified asphalt, cut-back asphalt, recycling agent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler.recycling agent (RA), na blend of hydrocarbons with or without minor amounts of other materials that is used to alter orimprove the properties of the aged asphalt in a recycled asphalt paving mixture.D8 17b4refined tar, ntar freed from water by evaporation or distillation which is continued until the residue is of desired consi
