1、Designation: D3241 14aD3241 14b An American National StandardDesignation 323/99Standard Test Method forThermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3241; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense
3、.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rating the tendencies of gas turbine fuels to deposit decomposition products withinthe fuel system.1.2 The differential pressure values in mm Hg are defined only in terms of this test method.1.3 The deposition values stated in SI units shall be
4、 regarded as the referee value.1.4 The pressure values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The psi comparison is included for operational safetywith certain older instruments that cannot report pressure in SI units.1.5 No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 WA
5、RNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing produc
6、ts. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.7 This standard
7、does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, s
8、ee 6.1.1, 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.3, 11.1.1, and Annex A5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Meth
9、odsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3274 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)Surface Texture: Profile MethodNominal Characteristics Of Contact(Stylus) InstrumentsISO 4288 Geometrical Product Specifications (GP
10、S)Surface Texture: Profile MethodRules And Procedures For TheAssessment Of Surface Texture2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:4Color Standard for Tube Deposit Rating1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
11、 SubcommitteeD02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014February 2015. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asD3241 14.D3241 14a. DOI: 10.1520/D3241-14A.10.1520/D3241-14B.2 For referencedASTM
12、 standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
13、la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.4 Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD3241. Original adjunct produced in 1986.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of
14、 what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered
15、 the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 deposits, noxidative produc
16、ts laid down on the test area of the heater tube or caught in the test filter, or both.3.1.1.1 DiscussionFuel deposits will tend to predominate at the hottest portion of the heater tube, which is between the 30-mm and 50-mm position.3.1.2 heater tube, nan aluminum coupon controlled at elevated tempe
17、rature, over which the test fuel is pumped.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe tube is resistively heated and controlled in temperature by a thermocouple positioned inside. The critical test area is the thinnerportion, 60 mm in length, between the shoulders of the tube. Fuel inlet to the tube is at the 0-mm posit
18、ion, and fuel exit is at 60mm.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 Pdifferential pressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method for measuring the high temperature stability of gas turbine fuels uses an instrument that subjects the testfuel to conditions that can be related to those occurring in gas turbi
19、ne engine fuel systems. The fuel is pumped at a fixed volumetricflow rate through a heater, after which it enters a precision stainless steel filter where fuel degradation products may becometrapped.4.1.1 The apparatus uses 450 mL of test fuel ideally during a 2.5-h test. The essential data derived
20、are the amount of depositson an aluminum heater tube, and the rate of plugging of a 17 m nominal porosity precision filter located just downstream of theheater tube.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test results are indicative of fuel performance during gas turbine operation and can be used to assess t
21、he level of depositsthat form when liquid fuel contacts a heated surface that is at a specified temperature.6. Apparatus6.1 Aviation Fuel Thermal Oxidation Stability Tester5Eight models of suitable equipment may be used as indicated in Table1.6.1.1 Portions of this test may be automated. Refer to th
22、e appropriate user manual for the instrument model to be used for adescription of detailed procedure. A manual is provided with each test rig. (WarningNo attempt should be made to operate theinstrument without first becoming acquainted with all components and the function of each.)6.1.2 Certain oper
23、ational parameters used with the instrument are critically important to achieve consistent and correct results.These are listed in Table 2.5 The following equipment, as described in Table 1 and RR:D02-1309, was used to develop this test method. The following equipment, as described in Table 1 anddet
24、ermined as equivalent in testing as detailed in RR:D02-1631, is provided by PAC, 8824 Fallbrook Drive, Houston, TX 77064. The following equipment, as described inTable 1 and determined as equivalent in testing as detailed in RR:D02-1728, is provided by Falex Corporation, 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grov
25、e, IL, 60554-9585. This is notan endorsement or certification by ASTM International.TABLE 1 Instrument ModelsInstrument Model Pressurize With Principle Differential Pressure by202A nitrogen gear Hg Manometer; No Record203A nitrogen gear Manometer + Graphical Record215A nitrogen gear Transducer + Pri
26、nted Record230A hydraulic syringe Transducer + Printout240A hydraulic syringe Transducer + Printout230 Mk IIIB hydraulic dual piston (HPLC Type) Transducer + PrintoutF400C hydraulic dual piston (HPLC Type) Transducer + Printout230 Mk IVD hydraulic single piston (HPLC Type) Transducer + PrintoutA See
27、 RR:D02-1309.B See RR:D02-1631.C See RR:D02-1728.D See RR:D02-1757.D3241 14b26.2 Heater Tube Deposit Rating Apparatus:6.2.1 Visual Tube Rater (VTR), the tuberator described in Annex A1.6.2.2 Interferometric Tube Rater (ITR)the tuberator described in Annex A2.6.2.3 Ellipsometric Tube Rater (ETR)the t
28、uberator described in Annex A3.6.3 Because jet fuel thermal oxidation stability is defined only in terms of this test method, which depends upon, and isinseparable from, the specific equipment used, the test method shall be conducted with the equipment used to develop the testmethod or equivalent eq
29、uipment.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Use distilled (preferred) or deionized water in the spent sample reservoir as required for Model 230 and 240 instruments.TABLE 2 Critical Operating Characteristics of D3241 InstrumentsItem DefinitionTest apparatus Tube-in-shell heat exchanger as illustrated in Fi
30、g. 1.Test coupons:Heater tube A, B, C Specially fabricated aluminum tube that produces controlledheated test surface; new one for each test. An electronic recordingdevice, such as a radio-frequency identification device (RFID),may be embedded into the heater tube rivet located at the bottomof the he
31、ater tube.Tube identification Each heater tube may be physically identified with a unique serialnumber, identifying the manufacturer and providing traceability tothe original material batch. This data may be stored on an elec-tronic recording device, such as a RFID, embedded into the heatertube.Tube
32、 metallurgy 6061-T6 Aluminum, plus the following criteriaa) The Mg:Si ratio shall not exceed 1.9:1b) The Mg2Si percentage shall not exceed1.85 %Tube dimensions: Dimension ToleranceTube length, mm 161.925 0.254Center section length, mm 60.325 0.051Outside diameters, mmShoulders 4.724 0.025Center sect
33、ion 3.175 0.051Inside diameter, mm 1.651 0.051Total indicator runout, mm, max 0.013Mechanical surface finish, nm, in accordance with ISO 3274and ISO 4288 using the mean of four 1.25measurements50 20Test filter 5 nominal 17-m stainless steel mesh filter element to trap deposits;new one for each testI
34、nstrument parameters:Sample volume 600 mL of sample is aerated, then this aerated fuel is used to fillthe reservoir leaving space for the piston; 450 45 mL may bepumped in a valid testAeration rate 1.5 L/min dry air through spargerFlow during test 3.0 10 % mL/min (2.7 min to 3.3 max)Pump mechanism p
35、ositive displacement, gear or piston syringeCooling bus bars fluid cooled to maintain consistent tube temperature pro-fileThermocouple (TC) Type J, fiber braid or Iconel sheathed, or Type K, Iconel sheathedOperating pressure:System 3.45 MPa 10 % on sample by pressurized inert gas (nitrogen) orby hyd
36、raulically transmitted force against control valve outlet re-strictionAt test filter differential pressure (P) measured across test filter (by mercurymanometer or by electronic transducer) in mm HgOperating temperature:For test as stated in specification for fuelUniformity of run maximum deviation o
37、f 2C from specified temperatureCalibration pure tin at 232C (and for Models 230 and 240 only, pure lead at327C for high point and ice + water for low point reference)A The following equipment, heater tubes, manufactured by PAC, 8824 Fallbrook Drive, Houston, TX 77064, was used in the development of
38、this test method. This is notan endorsement or certification by ASTM International.B Atest protocol to establish equivalence of heater tubes is on file atASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1550.C The following equipment, heater tube and filter ki
39、ts, manufactured by Falex Corporation, 1020Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL, 60554-9585, was run through the test protocolin RR:D02-1550 and determined as equivalent to the equipment used to develop the test method. This test is detailed in RR:D02-1714. This is not an endorsement orcertification by ASTM
40、 International.D3241 14b37.2 Use methyl pentane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, or n-heptane (technical grade, 95 mol % minimum purity) as general cleaningsolvent. This solvent will effectively clean internal metal surfaces of apparatus before a test, especially those surfaces (before thetest section) that
41、 contact fresh sample. (Warning Extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled (see Annex A5).)7.2.1 Use trisolvent (equal mix of acetone (1), toluene (2), and isopropanol (3) as a specific solvent to clean internal (working)surface of test section only. (Warning(1) Extremely flammable, vapors may cause fl
42、ash fire; (2) and (3) Flammable. Vapors ofall three harmful. Irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.)7.3 Use dry calcium sulfate + cobalt chloride granules (97 + 3 mix) or other self-indicating drying agent in the aeration dryer.This granular material changes gradually from blue to pink colo
43、r indicating absorption of water. (WarningDo not inhale dustor ingest. May cause stomach disorder.)8. Standard Operating Conditions8.1 Standard conditions of the test method are as follows:8.1.1 Fuel Quantity, 450-mL minimum for test + about 50 mL for system.8.1.2 Fuel Pre-TreatmentFiltration throug
44、h a single layer of general purpose, retentive, qualitative filter paper followed by a6-min aeration at 1.5 L/min air flow rate for a maximum of 1000 mLsample using a coarse 12-mm borosilicate glass gas dispersiontube.8.1.3 Fuel System Pressure, 3.45 MPa (500 psi) 610 % gauge.8.1.4 Thermocouple Posi
45、tion, at 39 mm.8.1.5 Fuel System Prefilter Element, filter paper of 0.45-m pore size.8.1.6 Heater Tube Control Temperature, preset as specified in applicable specification.8.1.7 Fuel Flow Rate, 3.0 mL/min 6 10 %.8.1.8 Minimum Fuel Pumped During Test, 405 mL.8.1.9 Test Duration, 150 6 2 min.8.1.10 Co
46、oling Fluid Flow, approximately 39 L/h, or center of green range on cooling fluid meter.8.1.11 Power Setting, approximately 75 to 100 on non-computer models; internally set for computer models.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Cleaning and Assembly of Heater Test Section:9.1.1 Clean the inside surface
47、of the heater test section using a nylon brush saturated with trisolvent material to remove alldeposits.9.1.2 Check the heater tube to be used in the test for surface defects and straightness by referring to the procedure in AnnexA1.10. Be careful, also, to avoid scratching tube shoulder during the
48、examination, since the tube shoulder must be smooth to ensurea seal under the flow conditions of the test.9.1.3 Assemble the heater section using new items: (1) visually checked heater tube, (2) test filter, and (3) three O-rings. Inspectinsulators to be sure they are undamaged.NOTE 1Heater tubes mu
49、st not be reused. Tests indicate that magnesium migrates to the heater tube surface under normal test conditions. Surfacemagnesium may reduce adhesion of deposits to reused heater tube.9.1.4 During assembly of heater section, handle tube carefully so as not to touch center part of tube. IF CENTER OF HEATERTUBE IS TOUCHED, REJECT THE TUBE SINCE THE CONTAMINATED SURFACE MAY AFFECT THE DEPOSIT-FORMING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TUBE.9.2 Cleaning and Assembly of Remainder of Test Components:9.2.1 Perform the following steps in the order
