1、Designation: D 5753 05Standard Guide forPlanning and Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5753; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the documentation and general pro-cedures necessary to plan and conduct a geophysical logprogram as commonly applied
3、to geologic, engineering,ground-water, and environmental (hereafter referred to asgeotechnical) investigations. It is not intended to describe thespecific or standard procedures for running each type ofgeophysical log and is limited to measurements in a singleborehole. It is anticipated that standar
4、d guides will be devel-oped for specific methods subsequent to this guide.1.2 Surface or shallow-depth nuclear gages for measuringwater content or soil density (that is, those typically thought ofas construction quality assurance devices), measurementswhile drilling (MWD), cone penetrometer tests, a
5、nd loggingfor petroleum or minerals are excluded.1.3 Borehole geophysical techniques yield direct and indi-rect measurements with depth of the (1) physical and chemicalproperties of the rock matrix and fluid around the borehole, (2)fluid contained in the borehole, and (3) construction of theborehole
6、.1.4 To obtain detailed information on operating methods,publications (for example, 2, 5, 7, 18, 24, 29, 34, 35, and 36)2should be consulted. A limited amount of tutorial informationis provided, but other publications listed herein, including aglossary of terms and general texts on the subject, shou
7、ld beconsulted for more complete background information.1.5 This guide provides an overview of the following: (1)the uses of single borehole geophysical methods, (2) generallogging procedures, (3) documentation, (4) calibration, and (5)factors that can affect the quality of borehole geophysical logs
8、and their subsequent interpretation. Log interpretation is veryimportant, but specific methods are too diverse to be describedin this guide.1.6 Logging procedures must be adapted to meet the needsof a wide range of applications and stated in general terms sothat flexibility or innovation are not sup
9、pressed.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety and liability concerns, if any, (for example, lost orlodged probes and radioactive sources3) associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and de
10、ter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professio
11、naljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projec
12、ts manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 5088 Practice for the Decontamination of
13、Field Equip-ment Used at Non-Radioactive Waste SitesD 5608 Practice for the Decontamination of Field Equip-ment Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions shall be in accordance withTerminology D 653.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on
14、 Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and SubsurfaceCharacteristics.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D 575395.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the
15、list of references at the end ofthis standard.3The use of radioactive materials required for some log measurements isregulated by federal, state, and local agencies. Specific requirements and restrictionsmust be addressed prior to their use.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www
16、.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 D
17、efinitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Descrip-tions of Terms Specific to This StandardTerms shall be inaccordance with Ref (1).4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide applies to borehole geophysical techniquesthat are commonly used in geotechnical investigations. Thisguide briefly describes the s
18、ignificance and use, apparatus,calibration and standardization, procedures and reports forplanning and conducting borehole geophysical logging. Thesetechniques are described briefly in Table 1 and their applica-tions in Table 2.54.2 Many other logging techniques and applications aredescribed in the
19、textbooks in the reference list. There are anumber of logging techniques with potential geotechnicalapplications that are either still in the developmental stage orhave limited commercial availability. Some of these techniquesand a reference on each are as follows: buried electrode directcurrent res
20、istivity (37), deeply penetrating electromagnetictechniques (38), gravimeter (39), magnetic susceptibility (40),magnetometer, nuclear activation (41), dielectric constant (42),radar (50), deeply penetrating seismic (39), electrical polariz-ability (45), sequential fluid conductivity (46), and diamet
21、er(48). Many of the guidelines described in this guide also applyto the use of these newer techniques that are still in the researchphase. Accepted practices should be followed at the presenttime for these techniques.5. Significance and Use5.1 An appropriately developed, documented, and executedguid
22、e is essential for the proper collection and application ofborehole geophysical logs.5.1.1 The benefits of its use include improving the follow-ing:5.1.1.1 Selection of logging methods and equipment,5.1.1.2 Log quality and reliability, and5.1.1.3 Usefulness of the log data for subsequent displayand
23、interpretation.5.1.2 This guide applies to commonly used logging methods(see Table 1 and Table 2) for geotechnical investigations.5.1.3 It is essential that personnel (see 7.3.3) consult up-to-date textbooks and reports on each of the logging techniques,applications, and interpretation methods. A pa
24、rtial list ofselected publications is given at the end of this guide.5.1.4 This guide is not meant to describe the specific orstandard procedures for running each type of geophysical logand is limited to measurements in a single borehole.6. Apparatus6.1 Geophysical Logging System, including probes,
25、cable,draw works, depth measurement system, interfaces and surfacecontrols, and digital and analog recording equipment.6.1.1 Logging probes, also called sondes or tools, enclosethe sensors, sources, electronics for transmitting and receivingsignals, and power supplies.6.1.2 Logging cable routinely c
26、arries signals to and from thelogging probe and supports the weight of the probe.6.1.3 The draw works move the logging cable and probe upand down the borehole and provide the connection with theinterfaces and surface controls.6.1.4 The depth measurement system provides probe depthinformation for the
27、 interfaces and surface controls and record-ing systems.6.1.5 The surface interfaces and controls provide some or allof the following: electrical connection, signal conditioning,power, and data transmission between the recording systemand probe.6.1.6 The recording system includes the digital recorde
28、r andan analog display or hard copy device.7. Calibration and Standardization of Geophysical Logs7.1 General:7.1.1 National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) calibration and operating procedures do not exist forthe borehole geophysical logging industry. However, calibra-tion or standardiza
29、tion physical models are available (seeAppendix X1).7.1.2 Geophysical logs can be used in a qualitative (forexample, comparative) or quantitative manner, depending onthe project objectives. (For example, a gamma-gamma log canbe used to indicate that one rock is more or less dense thananother, or it
30、can be expressed in density units.)7.1.3 The calibration and standardization scope and fre-quency shall be sufficient for project objectives.7.1.3.1 Calibration or standardization should be performedeach time a logging probe is modified or repaired or at periodicintervals.7.2 Calibration:7.2.1 Calib
31、ration is the process of establishing values forlog response. It can be accomplished with a representativephysical model or laboratory analysis of representativesamples. Calibration data values related to the physical prop-erties (for example, porosity) may be recorded in units (forexample, pulses/s
32、 or m/ft) that can be converted to apparentporosity units.7.2.1.1 At least three, and preferably more, values areneeded to establish a calibration curve, and the interface orcontact between different values in the model should berecorded. Because of the variability in subsurface conditions,many more
33、 values are needed if sample analyses are used forcalibration.7.2.1.2 The statistical scatter in regression of core analysisagainst geophysical log values may be caused by the differencebetween the sample size and geophysical volume of investiga-tion and may not represent measurement error.7.2.2 Phy
34、sical ModelsA representative model simulatesthe chemical and physical composition of the rock and fluids tobe measured.7.2.2.1 Physical models include calibration pits, coils, resis-tors, rings, temperature baths, etc.7.2.2.2 The calibration of nuclear probes should be per-formed in a physical model
35、 that is nearly infinite with respectto probe response.5The references indicated in these tables should be consulted for detailedinformation on each of these techniques and applications.D5753052TABLE 1 Common Geophysical LogsType of Log(References)Varieties andRelated TechniquesPropertiesMeasuredReq
36、uired HoleConditionsOther LimitationsTypical MeasuringUnits andCalibration orStandardizationBrief ProbeDescriptionSpontaneouspotential (7,8,12)differential electric potentialcaused by salinitydifferences inborehole andinterstitial fluids,streaming potentialsuncased hole filledwith conductive fluidsa
37、linity differenceneeded betweenborehole fluid andinterstitial fluids;needs correction forother than NaClfluidsmV; calibratedpower supplyrecords naturalvoltages betweenelectrode in well andanother at surfaceSingle-pointresistance (7)conventional,differentialresistance of rock,saturating fluid, andbor
38、ehole fluiduncased hole filledwith conductive fluidnot quantitative;hole diametereffects aresignificantV;V-V meter constant currentapplied across leadelectrode in well andanother at surfaceof wellMulti-electroderesistivity (7,8,13)various normalfocused, guard,lateral arraysresistivity andsaturating
39、fluidsuncased hole filledwith conductive fluidreverses or providesincorrect values andthickness in thinbedsV-m; resistorsacross electrodescurrent and potentialelectrodes in probeand remote currentand potentialelectrodesInduction (10, 11) various coilspacingsconductivity orresistivity of rockand satu
40、rating fluidsuncased hole ornonconductivecasing; air or fluidfillednot suitable for highresistivitiesmS or V-m;standard dry airzero check orconductive ringtransmitting coil(s)induce eddycurrents information; receivingcoil(s) measuresinduced voltagefrom secondarymagnetic fieldGamma (5,7,22) gamma spe
41、ctral (44) gamma radiationfrom natural orartificialradioisotopesany hole conditions may be problemwith very large hole,or several strings ofcasing and cementpulses per secondor API units; gammasourcescintillation crystaland photomultipliertube measuregamma radiationGamma-gamma (23,24)compensated (du
42、aldetector)electron density optimum results inuncased hole; canbe calibrated forcasingsevere hole-diameter effects;difficulty measuringformation densitythrough casing ordrill stemgs/cm3; Al, Mg, orLucite blocksscintillation crystal(s)shielded fromradioactive sourcemeasure Comptonscattered gammaNeutr
43、on (7, 14, 25) epithermal, thermal,compensatedsidewall, activation,pulsedhydrogen content optimum results inuncased hole; canbe calibrated forcasinghole diameter andchemical effectspulses/s or APIunits; calibration pitor plastic sleevecrystal(s) or gas-filled tube(s)shielded fromradioactive neutrons
44、ourceAcoustic velocity (5,26, 27)compensated,waveform, cementbondcompressional wavevelocity or transittime, orcompressional waveamplitudefluid filled, uncased,except cement bonddoes not detectsecondary porosity;cement bond andwave form requireexpert analysisvelocity units, forexample, ft/s or m/sor
45、s/ft; steel pipe1 or moretransmitters and 2or more receiversAcoustic televiewer(28, 7)acoustic caliper acoustic reflectivityof borehole wallfluid filled, 3 to 16-in. diameter;problems indeviated holesheavy mud or mudcake attenuatesignal; very slowlogging speedorientated image-magnetometer mustbe che
46、ckedrotating transducersends and receiveshigh-frequencypulsesBorehole video axial or side view(radial)visual image ontapeair or clean water;clean borehole wallmay need specialcableNAAvideo camera andlight sourceCaliper (29, 7) oriented, 4-armhigh-resolution, x-yor max-min bowspringborehole or casing
47、diameterany conditions deviated holes limitsome types;significant resolutiondifference betweentoolsdistance units, forexample, in.; jig withholes or rings1 to 4 retractablearms contactborehole wallTemperature (30,31, 32)differential temperature of fluidnear sensorfluid filled large variation inaccur
48、acy andresolution of toolsC or F; ice bath orconstanttemperature baththermistor or solid-state sensorFluid conductivity (7) fluid resistivity most measureresistivity of fluid inholefluid filled accuracy varies,requirestemperaturecorrectionS/cm or V-m;conductivity cellring electrodes in atubeFlow (12
49、, 33, 7) impellers, heat pulse vertical velocity offluid columnfluid filled impellers requirehigher velocities.Needs to becentralized.velocity units, forexample, ft/min; labflow column or login casingrotating impellers;thermistors detectheated water; othersensors measuretagged fluid.Deviation (4,7,47) magnetic,gyroscopic, ormechanicalhorizontal andverticaldisplacement ofboreholeany conditions (seelimitations)magnetic methodsorientation not validin steel casingdegrees and depthunits; orientationand inclination mustbe checkedvarious techniquesto measureinclination andbearing of
