1、Designation: E 1391 03Standard Guide forCollection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation ofSediments for Toxicological Testing and for Selection ofSamplers Used to Collect Benthic Invertebrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1391; the number immediately following the de
2、signation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers procedur
3、es for obtaining, storing,characterizing, and manipulating marine, estuarine, and fresh-water sediments, for use in laboratory sediment toxicity evalu-ations and describes samplers that can be used to collectsediment and benthic invertebrates (Annex A1). This standardis not meant to provide detailed
4、 guidance for all aspects ofsediment assessments, such as chemical analyses or monitor-ing, geophysical characterization, or extractable phase andfractionation analyses. However, some of this informationmight have applications for some of these activities. A varietyof methods are reviewed in this gu
5、ide. A statement on theconsensus approach then follows this review of the methods.This consensus approach has been included in order to fosterconsistency among studies. It is anticipated that recommendedmethods and this guide will be updated routinely to reflectprogress in our understanding of sedim
6、ents and how to beststudy them. This version of the standard is based primarily ona document developed by USEPA (2001 (1)2and by Environ-ment Canada (1994 (2) as well as an earlier version of thisstandard.1.2 Protecting sediment quality is an important part ofrestoring and maintaining the biological
7、 integrity of our naturalresources as well as protecting aquatic life, wildlife, and humanhealth. Sediment is an integral component of aquatic ecosys-tems, providing habitat, feeding, spawning, and rearing areasfor many aquatic organisms (MacDonald and Ingersoll 2002a,b(3)(4). Sediment also serves a
8、s a reservoir for contaminants insediment and therefore a potential source of contaminants tothe water column, organisms, and ultimately human consumersof those organisms. These contaminants can arise from anumber of sources, including municipal and industrial dis-charges, urban and agricultural run
9、off, atmospheric deposition,and port operations.1.3 Contaminated sediment can cause lethal and sublethaleffects in benthic (sediment-dwelling) and other sediment-associated organisms. In addition, natural and human distur-bances can release contaminants to the overlying water, wherepelagic (water co
10、lumn) organisms can be exposed. Sediment-associated contaminants can reduce or eliminate species ofrecreational, commercial, or ecological importance, eitherthrough direct effects or by affecting the food supply thatsustainable populations require. Furthermore, some contami-nants in sediment can bio
11、accumulate through the food chainand pose health risks to wildlife and human consumers evenwhen sediment-dwelling organisms are not themselves im-pacted (Test Method E 1706).1.4 There are several regulatory guidance documents con-cerned with sediment collection and characterization proce-dures that
12、might be important for individuals performingfederal or state agency-related work. Discussion of some of theprinciples and current thoughts on these approaches can befound in Dickson, et al. Ingersoll et al. (1997 (5), and Wenningand Ingersoll (2002 (6).1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:SectionS
13、cope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Interferences 6Apparatus 7Safety Hazards 8Sediment Monitoring and Assessment Plans 9Collection of Whole Sediment Samples 10Field Sample Processing, Transport, and Storage ofSediments11Sample Manipulations 12Collection o
14、f Interstitial Water 13Physico-chemical Characterization of Sediment Samples 14Quality Assurance 15Report 16Keywords 17Description of Samplers Used to Collect Sediment orBenthic InvertebratesAnnex A11.6 Field-collected sediments might contain potentiallytoxic materials and should thus be treated wit
15、h caution tominimize occupational exposure to workers. Worker safetymust also be considered when working with spiked sediments1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.03 on Sediment Tox
16、icology.Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2003. Published January 2004. Originallypublished as E 1391 90. Last previous edition E 1391 02.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
17、.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.containing various organic, inorganic, or radiolabeled contami-nants, or some combination thereof. Careful considerationshould be given to those chemicals that might biodegrade,volatili
18、ze, oxidize, or photolyze during the exposure.1.7 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are tobe regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesesare for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
19、 is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. Specific hazardsstatements are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1067 Test Methods for Acid
20、ity And Alkalinity of WaterD 1126 Test Method for Hardness in WaterD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen in WaterD 3976 Practice for Preparation of Sediment Samples forChemical AnalysisD 4387 Classification of Grab Sampling Devices for Col-lecting Benthic Macro
21、invertebratesD 4822 Guide for Selection of Methods of Particle SizeAnalysis of Fluvial Sediments (Manual Methods)D 4823 Guide for Core-Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated SedimentsE 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)E 729 Guide for Conducting
22、 Acute Toxicity Tests withFishes, Macroinvertebrates, and AmphibiansE 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and En-vironmental FateE 1241 Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage ToxicityTests with FishesE 1367 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity ofSediment-Associated Contaminants with Estu
23、arine andMarine InvertebratesE 1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with SedimentE 1611 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests withMarine And Estuarine Polychaetous AnnelidsE 1688 Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation ofSediment-Associated Contaminants By Benthic Inverte-bratesE
24、1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity ofSediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Inver-tebrates3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,”“ can,” and“might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must” isused to express an absolute requirement, that is,
25、to state that thetest ought to be designed to satisfy the specified condition,unless the purpose of the test requires a different design.“Must” is used only in connection with the factors that relatedirectly to the acceptability of the test. “Should” is used to statethat the specified condition is r
26、ecommended and ought to bemet in most tests. Although the violation of one “should” israrely a serious matter, the violation of several will often renderthe results questionable. Terms such as “is desirable,”“ is oftendesirable,” and“ might be desirable” are used in connectionwith less important fac
27、tors. “May” is used to mean “is (are)allowed to,” “can” is used to mean“ is (are) able to,” and“might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus, the classicdistinction between “may” and“ can” is preserved, and “might”is never used as a synonym for either “may” or “can.”3.1.2 For definitions of terms u
28、sed in this guide, refer toGuide E 729 and Test Method E 1706, Terminologies D 1129and E 943, and Classification D 4387; for an explanation ofunits and symbols, refer to Practice E 380.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 site, na study area comprised of multiple samplingstation.
29、3.2.2 station, na location within a site where physical,chemical, or biological sampling or testing is performed.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides a review of widely used methodsfor collecting, storing, characterizing, and manipulating sedi-ments for toxicity or bioaccumulation testing and
30、also de-scribes samplers that can be used to collect benthic inverte-brates. Where the science permits, recommendations areprovided on which procedures are appropriate, while identify-ing their limitations. This guide addresses the followinggeneral topics: (1) Sediment monitoring and assessment plan
31、s(including developing a study plan and a sampling plan), (2)Collection of whole sediment samples (including a descriptionof various sampling equipment), (3) Processing, transport andstorage of sediments, (4) Sample manipulations (includingsieving, formulated sediments, spiking, sediment dilutions,
32、andpreparation of elutriate samples), (5) Collection of interstitialwater (including sampling sediments in situ and ex situ), (6)Physico-chemical characterizations of sediment samples, (7)Quality assurance, and (8) Samplers that can be used to collectsediment or benthic invertebrates.5. Significance
33、 and Use5.1 Sediment toxicity evaluations are a critical componentof environmental quality and ecosystem impact assessments,and are used to meet a variety of research and regulatoryobjectives. The manner in which the sediments are collected,stored, characterized, and manipulated can influence the re
34、sultsof any sediment quality or process evaluation greatly. Address-ing these variables in a systematic and uniform manner will aidthe interpretations of sediment toxicity or bioaccumulationresults and may allow comparisons between studies.5.2 Sediment quality assessment is an important componentof
35、water quality protection. Sediment assessments commonlyinclude physicochemical characterization, toxicity tests orbioaccumulation tests, as well as benthic community analyses.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
36、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E1391032The use of consistent sediment collection, manipulation, andstorage methods will help provide high quality samples withwhich accurate data can be obtained for the national invent
37、oryand for other programs to prevent, remediate, and managecontaminated sediment.5.3 It is now widely known that the methods used in samplecollection, transport, handling, storage, and manipulation ofsediments and interstitial waters can influence the physico-chemical properties and the results of c
38、hemical, toxicity, andbioaccumulation analyses. Addressing these variables in anappropriate and systematic manner will provide more accuratesediment quality data and facilitate comparisons among sedi-ment studies.5.4 This standard provides current information and recom-mendations for collecting and
39、handling sediments for physico-chemical characterization and biological testing, using proce-dures that are most likely to maintain in situ conditions, mostaccurately represent the sediment in question, or satisfy par-ticular needs, to help generate consistent, high quality datacollection.5.5 This s
40、tandard is intended to provide technical support tothose who design or perform sediment quality studies under avariety of regulatory and non-regulatory programs. Informa-tion is provided concerning general sampling design consider-ations, field and laboratory facilities needed, safety, samplingequip
41、ment, sample storage and transport procedures, andsample manipulation issues common to chemical or toxicologi-cal analyses. Information contained in this standard reflects theknowledge and experience of several internationally-knownsources including the Puget Sound Estuary Program (PSEP),Washington
42、State Department of Ecology (WDE), UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), US ArmyCorps of Engineers (USACE), National Oceanic and Atmo-spheric Administration (NOAA), and Environment Canada.This standard attempts to present a coherent set of recommen-dations on field sampling technique
43、s and sediment or intersti-tial water sample processing based on the above sources, aswell as extensive information in the peer-reviewed literature.5.6 As the scope of this standard is broad, it is impossible toadequately present detailed information on every aspect ofsediment sampling and processin
44、g for all situations. Nor issuch detailed guidance warranted because much of this infor-mation (for example, how to operate a particular samplingdevice or how to use a Geographical Positioning System (GPS)device) already exists in other published materials referencedin this standard.5.7 Given the ab
45、ove constraints, this standard: (1) presentsa discussion of activities involved in sediment sampling andsample processing; (2) alerts the user to important issues thatshould be considered within each activity; and (3) givesrecommendations on how to best address the issues raised suchthat appropriate
46、 samples are collected and analyzed. An at-tempt is made to alert the user to different considerationspertaining to sampling and sample processing depending on theobjectives of the study (for example, remediation, dredgedmaterial evaluations or status and trends monitoring).5.8 The organization of t
47、his standard reflects the desire togive field personnel and managers a useful tool for choosingappropriate sampling locations, characterize those locations,collect and store samples, and manipulate those samples foranalyses. Each section of this standard is written so that thereader can obtain infor
48、mation on only one activity or set ofactivities (for example, subsampling or sample processing), ifdesired, without necessarily reading the entire standard. Manysections are cross-referenced so that the reader is alerted torelevant issues that might be covered elsewhere in the standard.This is parti
49、cularly important for certain chemical or toxico-logical applications in which appropriate sample processing orlaboratory procedures are associated with specific field sam-pling procedures.5.9 The methods contained in this standard are widelyapplicable to any entity wishing to collect consistent, highquality sediment data. This standard does not provide guidanceon how to implement any specific regulatory requirement, ordesign a particular sediment quality assessment, but rather it isa compilation of technical methods on how to best collectenvironmental samples that most appro
