1、Designation: E1728 10Standard Practice forCollection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe SamplingMethods for Subsequent Lead Determination1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1728; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled dust onsurfaces using the wipe sampling metho
3、d. These samples arecollected in a manner that will permit subsequent extractionand determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniquessuch as atomic spectrometry or electroanalysis.1.2 This practice does not address the sampling designcriteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the numbe
4、r andlocation of samples) that are used for clearance, lead hazardevaluation, risk assessment, and other purposes. To provide forvalid conclusions, sufficient numbers of samples should beobtained as directed by a sampling plan.1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and arenot part of
5、the mandatory requirements of this practice.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
6、 the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1613 T
7、est Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE1644 Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust WipeSamples for the Determinatio
8、n of LeadE1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Leadin Surface DustE1979 Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Paint, Dust,Soil, and Air Samples for Subsequent Determination ofLeadE2051 Practice for the Determination of Lead in Paint,Settled Dust, Soil and Air Particulate by Field-Porta
9、bleElectroanalysis32.2 Federal Regulations:440 CFR 745.63 U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency Fed-eral Register, Vol 66, No. 4, 5 Jan. 2001, p. 12063. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms not listed here, see TerminologyE1605.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 batch, na group of field or quality control (QC)s
10、amples that are collected or processed together at the sametime using the same reagents and equipment.3.2.2 sampling location, na specific area within a sam-pling site that is subjected to sample collection.3.2.2.1 DiscussionMultiple sampling locations are com-monly designated for a single sampling
11、site (see 3.2.3).3.2.3 sampling site, na local geographic area that containsthe sampling locations (see 3.2.2).3.2.3.1 DiscussionA sampling site is generally limited toan area that is easily covered by walking.3.2.4 wipe, na disposable towellette that is moistenedwith a wetting agent. E17923.2.4.1 D
12、iscussionThese towellettes are used to collect asample of settled dust on a surface for subsequent leadanalysis.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 field blank, na wipe (see 3.2.4) that is exposed to thesame handling as field samples except that no sample iscollected (no surface
13、 is actually wiped).1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on LeadHazards Associated with Buildings.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 1994.
14、 Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E1728 03. DOI:10.1520/E1728-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
15、ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ArielRios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
16、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3.1.1 DiscussionAnalysis results from field blanks pro-vide information on the analyte background level in the wipecombined with the potential contamination experienced bysamples collected within the batch (see 3.2.1) res
17、ulting fromhandling.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Wipe samples of settled dust are collected on surfacesfrom areas of known dimensions with wipes meeting Specifi-cation E1792, using a specified pattern of wiping.4.2 The collected wipes are then ready for subsequentsample preparation and analysis by proc
18、edures such as Prac-tices E1644, Practice E1979, Practice E2051, and Test MethodE1613.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of settled dustsamples in and around buildings and related structures for thesubsequent determination of lead content in a manner consis-tent
19、with that described in the HUD Guidelines5and40 CFR 745.63. The practice is meant for use in the collectionof settled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazardassessment, risk assessment, and other purposes.5.2 Use of different pressures applied to the sampled surfacealong with the use
20、of different wiping patterns contribute tocollection variability. Thus, the sampling result can varybetween operators performing collection from identical sur-faces as a result of collection variables. Collection for anygroup of sampling locations at a given sampling site is bestwhen limited to a si
21、ngle operator.5.3 This practice is recommended for the collection ofsettled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth, nonporoussurfaces. This practice is less effective for collecting settleddust samples from surfaces with substantial texture such asrough concrete, brickwork, textured ceilings, and
22、 soft fibroussurfaces such as upholstery and carpeting.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Sampling TemplatesOne or more of the following: A30 by 30 cm (approximately 1 ft2) reusable aluminum orplastic, or disposable cardboard or plastic template, (full-square, rectangular, square “U-shaped,” rectangular
23、“U-shaped,” and “L-shaped”) or templates of alternative areashaving accurately known dimensions (see Notes 1 and 2).NOTE 1For most surfaces, it is recommended to collect settled dustfrom a minimum of a 100 cm2area to provide sufficient material forlaboratory analysis.6However, areas larger than 30 b
24、y 30 cm may beappropriate for surfaces having little or no visible settled dust, and asmaller sampling area may be appropriate for surfaces with very highlevels of visible settled dust.NOTE 2Templates should be capable of lying flat on a surface.6.2 Wipes, meeting the specifications of Specification
25、E1792; see 3.2.4 for definition.6.3 Sample Containers, resealable, rigid-walled, 50-mLminimum volume.NOTE 3Screw-top plastic centrifuge tubes are an example of asuitable rigid-walled sample container.NOTE 4Use of a resealable plastic bag for holding and transportingthe settled dust wipe sample is no
26、t recommended due to the potentiallosses of settled dust within the plastic bag during transportation andlaboratory handling. Quantitative removal and processing of the settleddust wipe sample by the laboratory is significantly improved through theuse of resealable rigid-walled containers.6.4 Measur
27、ing Tool, tape or ruler, capable of measuring tothe nearest 61 mm.6.5 Plastic Gloves, powderless6.6 Cleaning Cloths, for cleaning of templates and otherequipment.NOTE 5Wipes used for dust sampling (see 6.2) can be used forcleaning templates and other sampling equipment, but other cleaningcloths or w
28、ipes not meeting the specifications of Specification E1792 maybe suitable for this purpose.6.7 Adhesive Tape, suitable for securing the template(s) tothe surface(s) to be sampled, and for demarcating samplingareas where templates cannot be used.NOTE 6Duct or masking tape, for example, function well
29、for thesepurposes.6.8 Disposable Shoe Covers, optional.7. Procedure7.1 Use one of the following two procedures for collectingsettled dust samples from each sampling location. For wide,flat locations, use the template-assisted sampling procedure(see 7.1.1). For small locations (for example, a window
30、sill ordoor jamb), use the confined-area sampling procedure (see7.1.2).NOTE 7Lead contamination problems during field sampling can besevere and may affect settled dust analysis results. Contamination can beminimized through frequent changing of gloves, use of shoe covers (see6.8), and regular cleani
31、ng of sampling equipment with cleaning cloths (see6.6). Use of disposable shoe covers between different buildings andremoval of them prior to entering vehicles can be helpful to minimizeinadvertent transfer of settled dust from one location to another.7.1.1 Template-Assisted Sampling Procedure:7.1.1
32、.1 Don a pair of clean, powderless, plastic gloves (see6.5 and Note 7).7.1.1.2 Carefully place a clean template on the surface to besampled in a manner that minimizes disturbance of settled dustat the sampling location. Tape the outside edge of the templateto prevent the template from moving during
33、sample collection.7.1.1.3 Obtain a packaged wipe (see 6.2) and, if there is apossibility for the package to be contaminated with dust, cleanthe package with a cleaning cloth (see 6.6).7.1.1.4 Remove the wipe from its package, and inspect thewipe to ensure that it is fully wetted and not contaminated
34、 withfungus, dust, or other material. Discard the wipe if it is foundto be too dry or contaminated, or both.7.1.1.5 Using an open flat hand with the fingers together,place the wipe on the surface to be sampled. Wipe the selected5Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards i
35、nHousing, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Washing-ton, DC, 1995.6Sussell, A., Hart, C., Wild, D, and Ashley, K., “An Evaluation of Worker LeadExposures and Cleaning Effectiveness During Removal of Deteriorated Lead-BasedPaint,” Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,
36、Vol 14, 1999, pp.177185.E1728 102surface area, side to side, in an overlapping “S” or “Z” patternwhile applying pressure to the fingertips (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).Wipe the surface so that the entire selected surface area iscovered. Perform the wiping procedure using the fingers andnot the palm of th
37、e hand. The front leading edge of the wipeshall always be pushed forward.7.1.1.6 Repeat 7.1.1.5 using a different brand of wipe if thewipe curls up or significantly changes shape (wrinkles,crumples, kinks, and so forth) during the wipe process.NOTE 8Some surfaces may cause some specific brands of wi
38、pes tocurl up or otherwise significantly change shape during the wiping process,but may not affect other wipes. A type of wipe that essentially maintainsit shape must be selected for each surface sampled.7.1.1.7 Fold the wipe in half with the collected dust sidefolded inward, and repeat the precedin
39、g wiping procedure(7.1.1.6) within the selected sampling area using an up anddown overlapping “S” or “Z” pattern (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 andNote 9).NOTE 9Wipes are folded to envelop the collected dust within thewipe, to avoid collected dust loss, and to expose a clean wipe surface forfurther dust col
40、lection. For areas containing large amounts of settled dust,care must be taken during wiping to capture all the dust within the wipe.7.1.1.8 Fold the wipe in half again with the collected dustside folded inward, and repeat the wiping procedure one moretime, concentrating on collecting settled dust f
41、rom all cornerswithin the selected surface area (see Note 9).7.1.1.9 Fold the wipe again with the collected dust sidefolded inward and insert the folded wipe into a samplecontainer (see 6.3).7.1.1.10 Label the sample container with sufficient informa-tion to uniquely and indelibly identify the sampl
42、e, and recordthe dimensions (in centimetres) of the selected sampling area(the internal template dimensions). Discard the gloves.7.1.2 Confined Area Sampling Procedure:7.1.2.1 Don a pair of clean, powderless, plastic gloves (see6.5 and Note 7).7.1.2.2 Mark the defined area to be sampled with adhesiv
43、etape (see 6.7) being careful not to disturb the settled dust, andmeasure the area to be sampled using the measuring tool (see6.4).7.1.2.3 Obtain a packaged wipe (see 6.2) and, if there is apossibility for the package to be contaminated with dust, cleanthe package with a cleaning cloth (see 6.6).7.1
44、.2.4 Remove the wipe from its package, and inspect thewipe to ensure that it is fully wetted and not contaminated withfungus, dust, or other material. Discard the wipe if it is foundto be too dry or contaminated, or both.7.1.2.5 Holding the fingers together and flat against theselected surface area,
45、 place the wipe on the surface to besampled. Wipe the measured surface in one direction. Applypressure to the fingers while wiping the surface. Perform thewiping procedure using the fingers and not the palm of thehand. The front leading edge of the wipe shall always bepushed forward.7.1.2.6 Fold the
46、 wipe in half with the collected dust sidefolded inward. Repeat the preceding wiping procedure(7.1.2.5) in the reverse direction within the selected samplingarea on one side of the folded wipe (see Note 9).7.1.2.7 Fold the wipe in half with the collected dust sidefolded inward and repeat the precedi
47、ng wiping procedure(7.1.2.6) one more time, concentrating on collecting settleddust from all corners within the selected sampling area (seeNote 9).7.1.2.8 Fold the wipe again with the sample side foldedinward and insert the folded wipe into a sample container.7.1.2.9 Label the sample container with
48、sufficient informa-tion to uniquely and indelibly identify the sample. Measure andrecord the dimensions (in centimetres) of the selected samplingarea (that is, the area actually wiped during sample collection).Discard the gloves.7.2 Collect field blanks at a minimum frequency of 5 % (or1 for every 2
49、0 field wipe samples collected). The minimumNOTE 1Only the center of the wipe path is shown, not the entire wiping width. Fig. 1(a) shows the first “S” wipe pattern; Fig. 1(b), the second “S”wipe pattern; and Fig. 1(c), the final pattern that is concentrated on the edges and corners.FIG. 1 Schematic of a side-to-side overlapping “S” wiping patternE1728 103number of field blanks to collect for each batch of wipesamples used is three. Place field blanks in sample containersand label these samples in the same fashion as the collectedsurface dust samples (as in a
