1、Designation: E2128 12E2128 17Standard Guide forEvaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2128; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods for determining and evaluating causes of water leakage of exterior walls. For this purpose,water penetration is
3、 considered leakage, and therefore problematic, if it exceeds the planned resistance or temporary retention anddrainage capacity of the wall, is causing or is likely to cause premature deterioration of a building or its contents, or is adverselyaffecting the performance of other components. A wall i
4、s considered a system including its exterior and interior finishes,fenestration, structural components, and components for maintaining the building interior environment.1.2 Investigative techniques discussed may be intrusive, disruptive, or destructive. It is the responsibility of the investigator t
5、oestablish the limitations of use, to anticipate and advise of the destructive nature of some procedures, and to plan for patching andselective reconstruction as necessary.1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. Establish appropriate
6、safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Awareness of safety and familiarity with safe procedures are particularly important for above-ground operations on the exteriorof a building and destructive investigative p
7、rocedures which typically are associated with the work described in this guide.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and
8、 Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1601 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall SurfacesC1715C1715/C1715M Test Method for Evaluation of Water Leakage Performan
9、ce of Masonry Wall Drainage SystemsE331 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static AirPressure DifferenceE547 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic StaticAir PressureDiffe
10、renceE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE860 Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil LitigationE1105 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and CurtainWalls, by Uniform o
11、r Cyclic Static Air Pressure DifferenceE1188 Practice for Collection and Preservation of Information and Physical Items by a Technical Investigator2.2 AAMA Standards:3AAMA 501.2 Quality Assurance and Diagnostic Water Leakage Field Check of Installed Storefronts, Curtain Walls and SlopedGlazing Syste
12、msAAMA 511 Voluntary Guideline for Forensic Water Penetration Testing of Fenestration Products,Article 4.2.1.3.1 Optional SillDam Test (This test method previously appeared in AAMA 502.)1 This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsi
13、bility of Subcommittee E06.55 on Exterior BuildingWall SystemsPerformance of Building Enclosures.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2012Nov. 1, 2017. Published January 2012December 2017. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20092012as E2128 01a (2009).E2128 12. DOI: 10.1520/E
14、2128-12.10.1520/E2128-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Architectu
15、ral Manufacturers Association (AAMA), 1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4268, http:/www.aamanet.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becaus
16、eit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
17、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefintionsRefer to Terminology E631.E2128 1723.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 incidental waterunplanned water infiltration that penetrates beyond the primary barrier and the flashin
18、g or secondarybarrier system, of such limited volume that it can escape or evaporate without causing adverse consequences.3.2.2 water absorptiona process in which a material takes in water through its pores and interstices and retains it whollywithout transmission.3.2.3 water infiltrationa process i
19、n which water passes through a material or between materials in a system and reaches aspace that is not directly or intentionally exposed to the water source.3.2.4 water leakagewater that is uncontrolled; exceeds the resistance, retention, or discharge capacity of the system; or causessubsequent dam
20、age or premature deterioration.3.2.5 water penetrationa process in which water gains access into a material or system by passing through the surface exposedto the water source.3.2.6 water permeationa process in which water enters, flows, and spreads within and discharges from a material.4. Significa
21、nce and Use4.1 This guide is intended to provide building professionals with a comprehensive methodology for evaluating water leakagethrough walls. It addresses the performance expectations and service history of a wall, the various components of a wall, and theinteraction between these components a
22、nd adjacent construction. It is not intended as a construction quality control procedure, noras a preconstruction qualification procedure. It is intended for evaluating buildings that exhibit water leakage.4.1.1 QualificationsThis guide requires the evaluator to possess a knowledge of basic physics
23、and of construction and walldesign principles and practices.4.1.2 ApplicationThe sequential activities described herein are intended to produce a complete and comprehensive evaluationprogram, but all activities may not be applicable or necessary for a particular evaluation program. It is the respons
24、ibility of theprofessional using this guide to determine the activities and sequence necessary to properly perform an appropriate leakageevaluation for a specific building.4.1.3 Preliminary AssessmentA preliminary assessment may indicate that water leakage problems are limited to a specificelement o
25、r portion of a wall. The preliminary assessment may also indicate that the wall is not the source of a leak even thoughit is perceived as such by the building occupant. The presence of water might result from a roofing problem, a condensationproblem, a plumbing problem, operable windows or doors lef
26、t opened or unlatched or some other condition not directly relatedto water leakage through the building wall and is outside the scope of this guide. The evaluation of causes may likewise be limitedin scope, and the procedures recommended herein abridged according to the professional judgement of the
27、 evaluator. A statementstipulating the limits of the investigation should be included in the report.4.1.4 ExpectationsExpectations about the overall effectiveness of an evaluation program must be reasonable and in proportionto a defined scope of work and the effort and resources applied to the task.
28、 The objective is to be as comprehensive as possiblewithin a defined scope of work. The methodology in this guide is intended to address intrinsic leakage behavior properties of awall system, leading to conclusions that generally apply to similar locations on the building. Since every possible locat
29、ion is notincluded in an evaluation program, it is probable that every leak source will not be identified. Leakage sources that are localizedand unique may remain and may require additional localized evaluation effort. The potential results and benefits of the evaluationprogram should not be over-re
30、presented.4.2 This guide is not intended as a design guide or as a guide specification. Reference is made to design features of a wall onlyfor the purpose of identifying items of interest for consideration in the evaluation process.4.3 This guide does not address leakage through roofs, leakage below
31、 grade, or water that accumulates due to water vapormigration and condensation. It is not intended for use with structures designed to retain water, such as pools and fountains.SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO AN EVALUATION5. Overview5.1 The methodology presented in this guide is a systematic approach to eval
32、uating wall leaks and is applicable to any wallsystem or material. It differs from other approaches that are material specific or component specific and which are basicallyadaptations of quality control procedures. The sequence of activities is intended to lead to an accumulation of information in a
33、norderly and efficient manner, so that each step enhances and supplements the information gathered in the preceding step.5.1.1 Sequence of ActivitiesThe recommended sequence of activities, discussed in individual sections below, are:5.1.1.1 Review of project documents.5.1.1.2 Evaluation of design co
34、ncept.5.1.1.3 Determination of service history.5.1.1.4 Inspection.5.1.1.5 Investigative testing.5.1.1.6 Analysis.E2128 1735.1.1.7 Report preparation.5.1.2 The first four recommended activities, and their descriptions in the body of the guide, are: 6. Review of ProjectDocuments; 7. Evaluation of Desi
35、gn Concept; 8. Determination of Service History; and 9. Inspection.These activities intentionallyprecede 10. Investigative Testing because they facilitate a rational determination of the spectrum of conditions, and are the basisfor a rational selection of investigative test locations and procedures.
36、5.2 The protocol in this guide is not based on conventional hypothesis testing and quantitative random sampling.4 The startingpremise for the application of this guide is that the building is suspected or known to leak. The objective of this guide is qualitative,purposeful, and intended to address t
37、he question of why, how and to what extent a building leaks.Astatement stipulating the limitsof the investigation and the starting premise of the investigative program should be included in the report.5.3 Scope of InvestigationIt is not assumed or expected that all locations with similar design, con
38、struction and servicecharacteristics will be currently performing in precisely the same manner. Likewise, it is not necessary to establish such in orderto reach technically valid conclusions about why and how a building leaks. The evaluation of water leakage of building walls isa cognitive process i
39、n which technically valid conclusions are reached by the application of knowledge, experience and a rationalmethodology to determine the following:5.3.1 The intrinsic properties of the wall.5.3.2 The cause(s) and mechanism(s) of leakage.5.3.3 The applicability of findings to similar un-inspected or
40、un-tested locations on the building.5.3.4 And, if within the scope of the evaluation, to acquire and report sufficient information to permit an assessment, within areasonable degree of scientific certainty, of the likelihood of additional water leakage to occur arising from the conditions identified
41、and the conclusions reached as a result of the evaluation.5.4 SamplingThe recommended sampling method for the application of this guide is to consider the spectrum of wallconditions from apparently performing to apparently non-performing areas, and from un-deteriorated or un-damaged areas todeterior
42、ated or damaged areas. It is also important to distinguish between varying conditions which may result from priormodifications or attempted repairs, and to determine the extent of sampling necessary to address and evaluate these variations inconditions.5.5 Analysis and InterpretationThe information
43、systematically gathered during a leakage evaluation is analyzed as it isacquired. The sequential activities described in this guide are not intended to imply that analysis and interpretation of theinformation occurs only at the completion of all activities.6. Review of Project Documents6.1 Ideally,
44、project documents including wall component shop drawings will be available and accessible for review. Thediscussion in this section assumes that a project was organized on a conventional Owner/Architect/Contractor model. Buildingprojects can be delivered in a variety of ways, and the actual method u
45、sed will dictate the appropriate organization of the projectdocuments. Regardless of how a project is organized and administered, the information discussed below should be available forreview somewhere in the project documents.6.1.1 Design, Bidding, and Contract DocumentsThese documents include arch
46、itectural and engineering drawings andspecifications and may also include calculations, wind tunnel reports, correspondence, meeting minutes, addenda, substitutionproposals, product literature, test reports, etc. They contain the information necessary to understand the performance criteria, thedesig
47、n intent, the required materials, and relationships among wall components.6.1.1.1 Documents may be revised or supplemented over the course of construction. Revisions to drawings are typicallyrecorded by number and date with a cross reference to other accompanying documents. Reviewing all revisions a
48、nd issuances ofthe documents, and understanding the differences between them and the reason for the differences, is part of a comprehensiveevaluation.6.1.1.2 Documents with the most recent issue date and the highest revision number establish the requirements for the project.Ideally, a set of documen
49、ts marked “as-built” or “record set” intended to show the actual construction will be available.6.2 Referenced Codes and StandardsProject documents usually contain references to regulatory codes and industry standards.Standards and referenced codes often contain default or minimum criteria that might have been relied upon to establish theperformance criteria for the wall. Conflicting requirements between referenced standards and codes, and those explicitly stated inthe project documents, should not be assumed to be a cause of leakage without further investiga
