1、Designation: E2297 04 (Reapproved 2010)E2297 15Standard Guide forUse of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used inthe Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2297; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year o
2、foriginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide describes the use of UV-A/Visible light
3、sources and meters used for the examination of materials by the liquidpenetrant and magnetic particle processes. This guide may be used to help support the needs for appropriate light intensities andlight measurement.1.2 This guide also provides a reference:1.2.1 To assist in the selection of light
4、sources and meters that meet the applicable specifications or standards.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of internal documentation dealing with liquid penetrant or magnetic particle examination ofmaterials and parts.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given i
5、n parentheses are mathematical conversionsto inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to estab
6、lish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingE1208 Practice for Fluorescent Liqu
7、id Penetrant Testing Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification ProcessE1209 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Water-Washable ProcessE1210 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification ProcessE1219 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid
8、Penetrant Testing Using the Solvent-Removable ProcessE1220 Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using Solvent-Removable ProcessE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant TestingE1418 Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using the Water-Washable ProcessE1
9、444 Practice for Magnetic Particle TestingE3022 Practice For Measurement of Emission Characteristics and Requirements for LED US-A Lamps Used in FluorescentPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing3. Terminology3.1 The definitions that appear in E1316, relating to UV-A radiation and visible light used
10、 in liquid penetrant and magneticparticle examinations, shall apply to the terms used in this guide.3.2 Definitions:1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid Penetrantand Magnetic Particle
11、Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010July 15, 2015. Published November 2010September 2015. Originally approved 2004 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2010as E22973 - 04.E2297304(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E2297-04R10.10.1520/E2297-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.
12、astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what
13、 changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the
14、official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1 high-intensity UV-A sourcea light source that produces UV-A irradiance greater than 10 000 Wcm2 (
15、100 Wm2) at38.1 cm (15 in.).3.2.2 illuminancethe amount of visible light, weighted by the luminosity function to correlate with human perception, incidenton a surface, per unit area. Typically reported in units of lux (lx), lumens per square metre (lm/m2) or footcandle (fc).3.2.3 irradiancethe power
16、 of electromagnetic radiation incident on a surface, per unit area.Typically reported in units of wattsper square metre (W/m2) or microwatts per square centimetre (W/cm2).3.2.4 radiometeran instrument incorporating a sensor and optical filters to measure the irradiance of light over a defined rangeo
17、f wavelengths.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide shows how the proper meter is correctly used describes the properties of UV-A and visible light sources usedfor liquid penetrant and magnetic particle examination. This guide also describes the properties of radiometers and light metersused to determin
18、e if adequate light levels (UV-A and/or visible) are available for useor visible, or both) are present whileconducting a liquid penetrant or magnetic particle examination.5. Significance and Use5.1 UV-A and Visiblevisible light sources are used to provide adequate light levels for liquid penetrant a
19、nd magnetic particleexamination. Light Radiometers and light meters are used to verify that specified light levels are available.5.2 Fluorescence is produced by irradiating the fluorescent dyes/pigments with UV-A radiation. The fluorescent dyes/pigmentsabsorb the energy from the UV-A radiation and r
20、e-emit light energy in the visible spectrum. This energy transfer allowsfluorescence to be observed by the human eye.5.3 High Intensity UV-A light sources produce light intensity greater than 10,000 W/cmmay emit visible light above 400 nm(400 ), which may reduce the visiblity of fluorescent indicati
21、ons. High intensity UV-A light sources may2 at 38.1 cm (15in.).cause UV fade, causing fluorescent indications to disappear.6. Equipment6.1 Ultraviolet (UV)/Visible Light Spectrum6.1.1 The most common UV UV light sources emit radiation in the ultraviolet section of the electromagnetic spectrum(betwee
22、nspectrum, between 180 nm (1800 ) to 400 nm (4000 ). Ultraviolet radiation is a part of the electromagnetic radiationspectrum between the violet/blue color of the visible spectrum and the weak X-ray spectrum. (See Fig. 1.)6.1.2 The UV-A range is considered to be between 320 nm (3200 ) and 400 nm (40
23、00 ).6.1.3 The UV-A range (used for fluorescent liquid penetrant and fluorescent magnetic particle examinations) is considered tobe between 320 nm (3200 ) and 400 nm (4000 ). The UV-B range (medium UV) is considered to be between 280 nm (2800) and 320 nm (3200 ). The UV-C range (short UV) is conside
24、red to be between 180 nm (1800 ) and 280 nm (2800 ). Thevisible spectrum is considered to be between 400 nm (4000 ) and 760 nm (7600 ).6.1.4 The UV-C range (short UV) is considered to be between 180 nm (1800 ) and 280 nm (2800 ).FIG. 1 The Electromagnetic Radiation SpectrumE2297 1526.1.5 The visible
25、 spectrum is considered to be between 400 nm (4000 ) and 760 nm (7600 ).6.2 Mercury Vapor UV-A Sources6.2.1 Most UV-A sources used in fluorescent NDT utilize a lamp containing a mercury-gas plasma that emits radiation specificto the mercury atomic transition spectrum. There are several discrete elem
26、ent emission lines of the mercury spectrum in theultraviolet section of the electromagnetic spectrum (between 180 nm (1800 ) and 400 nm (4000 ). spectrum. The irradianceoutput is dependent on the gas pressure and the amount of mercury content. Higher values of gas pressure and mercury contentresult
27、in significant increase in its UV emission. Irradiance output is also dependent on the input voltage and the age of the lampbulb. As the bulb ages, mercury diffuses into the enclosing glass, causing the emission to decrease.6.2.2 Mercury vapor UV-A sources used for NDT, employ NDT must have appropri
28、ate filters, either internal or external to thelight source to source, to pass UV-A (6.1.2) and minimize the visible light (6.1.5output (400 nm (4000 ) to 760 nm (7600 ) output that is detrimental to the fluorescent inspection process. These UV-A pass filters should also block harmful radiationbelow
29、UV-B (6.1.3 320 nm (3200) and UV-C (6.1.4 ).) radiation.6.2.3 UV-A sources are generally low or medium pressure vapor sources. Low pressure lamps are coated with a specialphosphor in order to maximize the UV-A output. Medium pressure lamps do not have phosphor coatings but operate at higherelectrica
30、l power levels, resulting in significantly higher UV-Aoutput.Mercury vapor bulbs used for fluorescent NDT are generallylow- or medium-pressure vapor sources.6.2.3.1 Low-pressure bulbs (luminescent tubes) are coated with a special phosphor in order to maximize the UV-A output.Typically, low-pressure
31、lamps are used in wash stations or for general UV-A lighting in the inspection room.6.2.3.2 Medium-pressure bulbs do not have phosphor coatings but operate at higher electrical power levels, resulting insignificantly higher UV-A output.6.2.4 Typically, low pressure lamps (tubes) are used in wash sta
32、tions or for general UV-A lighting in the inspection room.Medium pressure lamps are used in fluorescent inspection stations. Medium-pressure lamps are typically used for fluorescentexamination. A well designed medium pressure UV-A lamp with a suitable UV-A pass filter should emit less thatthan 0.25
33、% to1 % of its total intensity under 320 nm (3200 ) and above 400 nm (4000 ). A UV-A bulb outside of the UV-A range. A typicallamp is based on the American National Standards Institutes Specification H 44 GS-R100GS-R100, is a 100 watt mercury-vaporbulb in the Par 38 configuration, and normally using
34、uses a Kopp 1041 or Kopp 10713 UV filter. Other newer lamps using the samebulb but with the Kopp 1071an alternate UV-A UV filter pass filter with similar transmission characteristics, or bulbs based on thePhilips HPW 125-watt bulb4 will not differ greatly in UV-A output, but in general will may prod
35、uce more visible light in theblue/violet part of the spectrum. (WarningCertain high-intensity UV-Alight sources may emit unacceptable amounts of visiblelight, which will cause fluorescent indications to disappear. Care should be taken to use only bulbs certified by the supplier to besuitable for suc
36、h examination purposes.)NOTE 1The Philips HPW 125-watt bulb has been restricted from use in the inspection station by many aerospace companies.6.3 UV-A Borescope, Fiberscope, VideoimagescopeVideo-image-scope and Special UV-A Light Source Systems6.3.1 Borescopes, fiberscopes and videoimagescopesvideo
37、-image-scopes are thin rigid or flexible tubular optical telescopes.They are non destructive inspection quality control instruments for the visual detection of surface discontinuities in small bores,castings, pipe interiors, and on internal components of complex machinery.6.3.2 The conventional opti
38、cal glass fiber used as a light guide in borescopes, fiberscopes and videoimagescopes video imagescopes may be a poor transmitter of UV-A radiation. These fibers transmit white light in the 450 nm (4500 ) to 760 nm (7600(4500 to 7600 ) range, but do not effectively transmit light in the 350 nm (3500
39、 ) to 380 nm (3800 (3500 to 3800 ) range.6.3.3 Three non traditional light guide materials for improved UV-A transmission in borescopes, fiberscopes orvideoimagescopes,video-image-scopes, are liquid light guides, silica or quartz fibers, or special new glass fibers.6.3.3.1 Silica or quartz fibers ar
40、e good transmitters of UV-Aenergy, but are brittle and cannot be bent into a tight radius withoutbreaking, nor can they accommodate the punishing stresses of repeated scope articulation.6.3.3.2 Liquid light guides are very effective transmitters of UV-A, but have minimum diameter limitations at 2.5
41、mm and alsoexhibit problems with collapsing, kinking or loss of fluids.6.3.3.3 A special glass fiber configuration offers the best UV performance plus durability. Special glass fiber light bundlescombine high UV output with the necessary flexibility and durability required in these scopes.6.4 UV-A P
42、encil Lamps6.4.1 The pencil lamp is one of the smallest sources of UV-Aradiation. It is generally a lamp coated with conversion phosphorsthat absorb the 254 nm (2540 ) line of energy and convert this energy into a band peaking at 365 nm (3650 ). The lamp maybe encased in a tubular glass filter that
43、absorbs visible light while transmitting maximum ultraviolet intensity. The pencil lamp isuseful for fluorescent analysis and boroscopic inspection in inaccessible locations.NOTE 2Pencil Lamps produce low levels of UV-A radiation.3 Kopp 1041 UV and Kopp 1071 UV are registered trademarks of Kopp Glas
44、s Inc., Pittsburgh, PA.4 Philips HPW 125 watt is a registered trademark of Philips Lighting Co., Somerset, NJ.E2297 1536.4.2 As with all metal vapor discharge lamps, the output of a quartz pencil lamp slowly decreases throughout its life.The actualuseful life will primarily be dependent upon dust an
45、d other contaminants collecting on the lamp and its reflecting and transmissiveelements can cause more elements. UV-A intensity loss at the irradiated surface than the age of the lamp.also occurs as the lampages.6.5 High Intensity UV-A Light Sources There are two types of high intensity UV-Asources;
46、 1) a UV flood fixture and 2) a handheld ultra-high intensity micro discharge lamp (MDL).6.5.1 Metal Halide UV-A Sources: The high intensity flood fixture normally uses a high wattage metal halide bulb. This lampwill also contain some type of specially coated parabolic reflector. The high intensity
47、of this lamp will produce a great deal of heat,so some type of cooling fan must be used.6.5.2 Micro-Discharge Lamp UV-A Sources: The MDL lamp uses a 35 watt metal halide bulb and therefore produces very littleheat. Normally, a cooling fan is not required. (WarningWhen a high intensity UV-A lamp (lig
48、ht sources that produce lightintensity greater than 10,000 W/cm2 at 38.1 cm (15 in.) is used for inspection, care must be exercised to prevent the UV fadingof indications and that the excess blue light that is produced, does not mask blue/white indications.)NOTE 3ASTM E1208, E1209, E1210, E1219, E14
49、17, and E1444 provide UV-A light requirements for fluorescent magnetic particle and fluorescentpenetrant inspection processes.6.5.3 Xenon Bulb UV-A Sources: These lamps use a high-pressure arc bulb containing xenon gas or a mixture of mercury vaporand xenon gas.6.5.4 High Intensity UV-Asources have broad emission spectra, which may include more than one peak within the UV-Arange(6.1.2). For use in fluorescent NDT, these lamps must have appropriate filters, either internal or external to the light source, to passUV-A(6.1.2) and minimize visible light (6.1.5)
