1、Designation: E2876 13Standard Guide forIntegrating Sustainable Objectives into Cleanup1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2876; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide presents a framework that allows and encour-ages the user to address sustainable aspects (environmental,economic and social) within
3、cleanup projects. The user mayimplement this guide to integrate sustainable objectives intocleanup while working within applicable regulatory criteria.1.2 The guide provides an overarching, consistent, transpar-ent and scalable framework that helps the user identify andincorporate sustainable best m
4、anagement practices (BMPs)into site cleanup (which includes assessment and remediation),and enables the user to perform measurement of BMPs duringthe cleanup process. See Appendix X1 for example BMPs.1.3 The guide is intended to encourage incremental steps toincorporate sustainable elements into cle
5、anup projects. Theuser chooses whether to pursue BMP implementation alone(Section 6) or to also measure the benefits of the implementedBMPs (Sections 6 and 7). The user also chooses the phases ofthe cleanup to which they apply the guide.1.4 The guide should be implemented within the existingsite ass
6、essment and remediation process. The approach de-scribed in this guide should be used with other existingtechnical tools and policy to encourage the consideration of amore holistic approach with a broader range of cleanup optionsand activities than traditionally employed (NICOLE 2012(1)2.1.5 BMPs im
7、plemented under this guide should address allthree aspects of sustainability: environmental, economic andsocial, while assuring that human health and safety as well asecological risks are addressed. The goal of implementingBMPs is to take actions to address the sustainable objectivesidentified for t
8、he site.1.6 3.1.17 defines sustainable objectives; 3.1.15.1 definessustainable aspects; 5.3 provides detail about core elements;and Section 6 describes a process to identify, evaluate, select,and implement BMPs.1.7 While the guide specifically applies to the cleanupphases of a project (which include
9、s assessment and remedia-tion phases), decisions made in the cleanup may influencereuse activities. The anticipated reuse of the site may influencecleanup activities.1.8 This guide may not be used as a justification forelimination or reduction of cleanup actions that are required toprotect human hea
10、lth and the environment.1.9 The guide is composed of the following sections:Section 2 Referenced Documents, Section 3 Terminology,Section 4 Significance and Use, Section 5 Planning andScoping; Section 6 Selection and Implementation of bestmanagement practices (BMPs); Section 7 Quantifying Site-Speci
11、fic results from BMPs; and Section 8 Documentation.Fig. 1 Using the guide is provided to assist the user innavigating the guide.1.9.1 The user may pursue either the BMP implementationsection or both the BMP implementation and measurementsections.1.9.2 The environmental portions of the guide align wi
12、th theGreener Cleanup Principles released by USEPA in August2009 (2).1.9.3 When evaluating the sustainable BMPs the usershould consider the short and long-term environmental, eco-nomic and social aspects, including the potential negativeimpacts, while ensuring protection of human health and theenvir
13、onment.1.10 The guide is intended to provide an overarchingframework for integrating sustainable objectives in cleanupprojects. The user may choose to consider the ASTM WorkItem WK 35161 for greener cleanups along with this guide tomore fully address the environmental elements of a project.1.11 When
14、 implementing this guide, the user must complywith all applicable federal, state, and local statutes and regu-lations requiring or relating to protection of human health andthe environment. This includes, but is not limited to, laws andregulations relating to health and safety, of the surroundingcom
15、munity, or on-site workers. No action taken in connectionwith implementing this guide should generate unacceptablehuman health or ecological risks.1.11.1 CERCLAand RCRAinclude worker safety as part ofhealth and safety plans following OSHA regulations.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Comm
16、ittee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published June 2013. DOI: 10.1520/E2876-13.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of reference
17、s at the end ofthis standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.11.2 Most sites fall under specific regulatory programsthat include provisions for health and safety plans followingOSHA regulations. For more information
18、see OSHA FAQ (3).1.11.3 For all sites, the user must identify potential risks tothe surrounding community as well as to site workers andmanage those potential risks appropriately.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase IEnvironmental Site A
19、ssessment ProcessE1903 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: PhaseII Environmental Site Assessment ProcessE1984 Guide for Brownfields Redevelopment (Withdrawn2012)4E2081 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective ActionE2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,Including Institutional and Engin
20、eering ControlsE2137 Guide for Estimating Monetary Costs and Liabilitiesfor Environmental MattersE2348 Guide for Framework for a Consensus-based Envi-ronmental Decision-making ProcessWK 35161 New Practice for Greener Site Assessment andCleanup (GSAC)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Best Managemen
21、t Practice (BMP)for the purposesof this guide, an activity that, under most situations, improvesone or more sustainable aspects (environmental, social, eco-nomic) of a cleanup at a specific site.3.1.1.1 DiscussionFor example, a BMP for the environ-mental aspect would reduce the environmental footpri
22、nt of acleanup activity.3.1.2 CERCLAthe Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. 9601et seq., as amended, the primary federal statute that governs theimposition of liability for environmental cleanups. CERCLAiscommonly referred to as Superfund.3.1.3 cleanupthe
23、range of activities that may occur toaddress releases of hazardous substances or petroleum productsat a site.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the sta
24、ndards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.FIG. 1 Using this GuideE2876 1323.1.3.1 DiscussionIn the environmental industry this termis also referred to as assessment and remediation.3.1.4 community engagement ch
25、arrettea meeting or seriesof meetings where the user identifies the stakeholders andinvites them into the discussion of actions for the site.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe community engagement charretteis one option for stakeholder collaboration. The interactionsbetween and among the user and the stakeholder
26、s (includingthe regulatory agency) have the intent of sharing informationand options where collaboration and consensus are goals of themeetings. The user and stakeholders discuss the importantaspects, issues, and preferences for the site assessment orremediation. The community engagement charrette c
27、an be aseries of meetings held as the user continues to implementsubsequent steps of a cleanup.3.1.5 economic multiplier effectthe increased value ofcurrency/money that is inserted into an area, city, or region (inthe form of wages, purchased goods, services, and manufac-tures) due to the fact the c
28、urrency/money circulates close towhere it is first spent.3.1.5.1 DiscussionFor example, (a) $10 from a city work-ers wages, buys (b) lunch from a corner restaurant, that pays(c) a cooks wages, that buy (d) shares in a community solargarden.3.1.6 hazardous substance a substance defined as a haz-ardou
29、s substance pursuant to CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9601(14),as interpreted by EPA regulations and the courts.3.1.7 petroleum productsthose substances included withinthe meaning of the petroleum exclusion to CERCLA, 42 USC 9601(14), as interpreted by the courts and EPA: “petroleum,including crude oil or any f
30、raction thereof which is nototherwise specifically listed or designated as a hazardoussubstance under subparagraphs (A) through (F) of thisparagraph, and the term does not include natural gas, naturalgas liquids, liquefied natural gas, or synthetic gas usable forfuel (or mixtures of natural gas and
31、such synthetic gas).”3.1.8 project teamthe group of individuals and expertsbrought together to implement the activities identified by thisguide for a specific site. Typically, the project team includes theuser (for example, environmental consultant, specialists), thestate or federal regulator, site
32、owner representative and addi-tional experts as needed. For some sites the project team mayinclude community stakeholders.3.1.8.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this guide, multi-disciplinary project teams will often be the most effective.Additional members of the team may include specific experts(fo
33、r example, solar power engineers, architectural or historicpreservation specialists, economists, social scientists, life-cycleanalysts, risk assessors, decision-support specialists) and facili-tators.3.1.9 RCRAthe Resource Conservation and RecoveryAct,42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq., as amended, sometimes al
34、so knownas the Solid Waste Disposal Act, the primary federal statutethat, inter alia, establishes a framework for regulation of solidand hazardous waste and for promoting resource recoverythrough a federal-state partnership.3.1.10 reasonably anticipated future usefuture use of asite that can be pred
35、icted with a reasonably high degree ofcertainty given historical use, current use, local governmentalplanning and zoning.3.1.10.1 DiscussionOther factors that may be consideredin determining reasonably anticipated future use include acces-sibility of the site to existing infrastructure, recent devel
36、opmentpatterns, cultural factors, environmental justice, regionaltrends, and community acceptance.3.1.11 sitethe area(s) defined by the likely physical distri-bution of the chemical(s) of concern from a source area. A sitecould be an entire property or facility, a defined area or portionof a facilit
37、y or property or multiple facilities or properties. Onefacility may contain multiple sites. Multiple sites at one facilitymay be addressed individually or as a group.3.1.12 small, non-complex sitea site that meets the attri-butes in the guide for a project that is not large or potentiallycomplex, as
38、 identified by the user.3.1.12.1 DiscussionIn the case of a small project oflimited complexity and scope, the user may consider thefollowing site attributes to streamline the implementation ofthe evaluation. If the site meets the following attributes, the sitemay be considered small and non-complex
39、and use theadaptations identified in the guide, including reduced docu-mentation. The attributes are:3.1.12.1 limited release complexitysmall number or wellunderstood chemicals of concern (COCs), limited light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) and no dense non-aqueousphase liquids (DNAPL).3.1.12.2 s
40、mall scale site (such as a service station) and welldefined soil and/or groundwater impactsgenerally limited toa relatively small area.3.1.12.3 lower risk land useopen space, unoccupiedcommercial, or industrial land use surrounding the site; lowpopulation density surrounding the site, or areas with
41、nocurrent complete exposure pathways (see Guide E2081 fordiscussion of complete exposure pathways).3.1.13 stakeholdersindividuals, organizations, or otherentities who directly or indirectly affect, or are affected by, sitereleases or cleanup activities, or other interested parties.Stakeholders are s
42、ite-specific and can include members of thelocal community (for example, residents, regular visitors,nearby businesses, economic development corporations, anddowngradient groundwater users), regulatory agencies havingjurisdiction over the cleanup, site owner or responsible parties,and future users o
43、f the property.3.1.13.1 DiscussionThe site owners may or may not bethe parties responsible for the cleanup. In addition, there maybe other federal, state, and local oversight entities forpermitting, historic preservation, or storm water managementwho should be considered when determining the stakeho
44、ldersfor the project. In addition, there may be commercial andindustrial stakeholders or interested third parties that may beaffected by the cleanup activities or that can affect the cleanup.Under the guide, the user and the project team consider theideas, potential issues, and concerns of the diffe
45、rent stakehold-ers in the decision making process.E2876 1333.1.14 surrounding arealand area adjacent to and contigu-ous with a site extending to a boundary consistent with the areaidentified in the planning and scoping and used in selectingBMPs.3.1.15 sustainabilityas defined by a US Federal Executi
46、veOrder under NEPA, sustainability means “to create and main-tain conditions, under which humans and nature can exist inproductive harmony, that permit fulfilling the social, economic,and other requirements of present and future generations”(NEPA1969 (4); E.O.13514 2009 (5).3.1.15.1 sustainable aspe
47、ctsas used in this guide, this is acollective term referring to the three key elements of sustain-ability: environmental, economic and social.3.1.15.2 sustainable core elementsas used in this guide,these are the areas of focus within the sustainable aspects thatprovide direction and help define acti
48、ons to be taken at a site.The sustainable core elements are listed in 5.3.3.1.16 sustainable developmentas defined by the Brunt-land Commission (1985) (6), sustainable development is apattern of development, “that meets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of future generations t
49、o meettheir own needs.” Also, as defined by Bromley (1999) (7),sustainable development is, “a present-day institutional ar-rangement of human actions that is guided by a vision ofdesired future alternative arrangements.” This definition meansthat current and future site use and BMPs should considerintergenerational impacts and outcomes for the surroundingarea.3.1.17 sustainable objectivesthe overarching ideas andthemes used to guide the implementation of sustainability for aproject. These ideas and themes generally arise from outside ofth
