1、Designation: E 777 87 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forCarbon and Hydrogen in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 777; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of totalcarbon and hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived
3、fuel (RDF).Both carbon and hydrogen are determined in one operation.This test method yields the total percentages of carbon andhydrogen in RDF as analyzed and the results include not onlythe carbon and hydrogen in the organic matter, but also thecarbon present in mineral carbonates and the hydrogen
4、presentin the free moisture accompanying the analysis sample as wellas hydrogen present as water of hydration.NOTE 1It is recognized that certain technical applications of the dataderived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. Thesecorrections could involve compensation for the
5、 carbon present as carbon-ates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the analysis sample,and the calculated hydrogen present as water of hydration.1.2 This test method may be applicable to any wastematerial from which a laboratory analysis sample can beprepared.1.3 This standard does not purpo
6、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements see Secti
7、on 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterE 180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTMMethods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial ChemicalsE 790 Test Method for Residual Moisture in a Refuse-Derived Fuel Analysis SampleE 791 Test Method for Calc
8、ulating Refuse-Derived FuelAnalysis Data from As-Determined to Different BasesE 829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)Laboratory Samples for Analysis3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 refuse-derived fuelssolid forms of refuse-derivedfuels from which
9、appropriate analytical samples may beprepared are defined as follows in ASTM STP 832:3RDF-1 Wastes used as a fuel in as-discarded form withonly bulky wastes removed.RDF-2Wastes processed to coarse particle size with orwithout ferrous metal separation.RDF-3Combustible waste fraction processed to part
10、iclesizes, 95 % passing 2-inch square screening.RDF-4Combustible waste fraction processed into powderform, 95 % passing 10-mesh screening.RDF-5Combustible waste fraction densified (compressed)into the form of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The determination is m
11、ade by burning the sample toconvert all of the carbon to carbon dioxide and all of thehydrogen to water. The combustion is carried out by highpurity oxygen that has been passed through a purifying train.The carbon dioxide and water are recovered in an absorptiontrain. The combustion tube packing is
12、used to remove anyinterfering substances. This test method gives the total percent-ages of carbon and hydrogen in the RDF as analyzed, includingthe carbon in carbonates and the hydrogen in any form ofwater.5. Significance and Use5.1 The standard sample is available to producers and usersof RDF as a
13、method of determining the weight percent ofcarbon and hydrogen in the analysis sample.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.02 onMunicipal Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Aug. 28, 1987.
14、 Published October 1987. Originallypublished as E 777 81. Last previous edition E 777 81.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summ
15、ary page onthe ASTM website.3Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology, ASTM STP 832, ASTM, 1983,p. 72.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 Carbon and hydrogen are part of the ultimate analysis ofa fuel and can be use
16、d for calculations of combustion param-eters.6. Apparatus6.1 Oxygen-Purifying TrainThe high-purity oxygen ispassed through water and carbon dioxide absorbers prior to usefor combustion. The oxygen-purifying train consists of thefollowing three units in order of passage of oxygen (see Fig. 1):6.1.1 F
17、irst Water AbsorberAcontainer constructed so thatthe oxygen must pass through a column of reagent. Thecontainer shall have a capacity for at least 45 cm3of solidreagent, and the minimum gas travel through the reagent shallbe at least 80 mm. A container of large volume and long pathof oxygen travel t
18、hrough the reagent will be found to beadvantageous where many carbon and hydrogen determina-tions are made.6.1.2 Carbon Dioxide AbsorberIf solid reagents are usedfor carbon dioxide absorption, the container shall be asdescribed in 6.1.1. If a solution is used, the container shall bea Vanier bulb. It
19、 shall provide a column of reagent adequate toremove the carbon dioxide completely.6.1.3 Second Water AbsorberSame as specified in 6.1.1.6.2 Flowmeter, used to permit volumetric measurement ofthe rate of flow of oxygen during the determination. It shall besuitable for measuring flow rates within the
20、 range from 50 to100 mL/min (standard temperature and pressure). The use of adouble-stage pressure-reducing regulator with gage and needlevalve is recommended to permit easy and accurate adjustmentto the rate of flow.6.3 Combustion Unit, consisting of three electrically heatedfurnace sections, indiv
21、idually controlled, which may bemounted on rails for easy movement. The upper part of eachfurnace may be hinged so that it can be opened for inspectionof the combustion tube. The three furnace sections shall be asfollows (see Fig. 1):6.3.1 Furnace Section 1Furnace 1 is nearest the oxygeninlet end of
22、 the combustion tube, approximately 130 mm longand used to heat the inlet end of the combustion tube and thesample. It shall be capable of rapidly attaining an operatingtemperature of 875 6 25C.NOTE 2Combustion tube temperature shall be measured by means ofa thermocouple placed immediately adjacent
23、to the tube near the center ofthe appropriate tube section.6.3.2 Furnace Section 2Furnace 2 shall be approximately330 mm in length and used to heat that portion of the tube filledwith cupric oxide. The operating temperature shall be 850 620C (see Note 2).6.3.3 Furnace Section 3Furnace 3 shall be app
24、roximately230 mm long, and used to heat that portion of the tube filledwith lead chromate or silver. The operating temperature shallbe 500 6 50C.6.3.4 Combustion Tube, made of fused quartz, or high-silicaglass and having a nominal inside diameter which may varywithin the limits of 19 to 22 mm and a
25、minimum total lengthof 970 mm. The exit end shall be tapered down to provide atubulated section for connection to the absorption train. Thetubulated section shall have a length of 20 to 25 mm, aninternal diameter of not less than 3 mm, and an externaldiameter of approximately 7 mm. The total length
26、of thereduced end shall not exceed 60 mm. If a translucent fusedquartz tube is used, a transparent section 190 mm long, located250 mm from the oxygen inlet end of the tube, will be foundconvenient (see Fig. 2).6.3.5 Combustion Boat, made of glazed porcelain, fusedsilica, or platinum. Boats with inte
27、rnal dimensions of approxi-mately 70 by 8 by 8 mm have been found convenient.6.4 Absorption Train, identical to the oxygen absorptiontrain indicated in 5.1 to obtain system equilibrium. Therefore,the absorption train shall consist of the following units ar-ranged as listed in the order of passage of
28、 oxygen (see Fig. 1):6.4.1 First Water Absorber, as described in 5.1.1.6.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Absorber, as described in 6.1.2.6.4.3 Second Water Absorber, as described in 6.1.3. Thesecond water absorber is also known as a guard tube.7. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused
29、 in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of theAmericanA = flowmeter (6.2) E, F, G, H, I = combustion unit (6.3)B, C, D = oxygen purifying train (6.1) E = furnace 1 (6.3.1)B = first water absorber (6.1.1) F = furnace 2 (6.3.2)C =
30、carbon dioxide absorber (6.1.2) G = furnace 3 (6.3.3)D = second water absorber (6.1.3) H = combustion tube (6.3.4)I = combustion boat (6.3.5)J, K, L = absorption train (6.4)J = first water absorber (6.4.1)K = carbon dioxide absorber (6.4.2)L = guard tube (6.4.3)NOTE 1C and K can substitute a Vanier
31、bulb if liquid absorbent is used.FIG. 1 Set-Up of ApparatusE 777 87 (2004)2Chemical Society, where such specifications are available.4Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained thatthe reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its usewithout lessening the accuracy of the deter
32、mination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water, Type III,conforming to Specification D 1193.7.3 Oxygen, with minimum acceptable purity 99.5 %.NOTE 3If the blank tests for flow (see 10.3.2) indicate interferingimpurities in the oxy
33、gen supply by consistent weight-gain in the absorb-ers, eliminate these impurities by using a preheater furnace and tube, filledwith cupric oxide. Operate this preheater at 850 6 20C and insert inseries between the supply tank of oxygen and the purification train.7.4 Combustion Tube Reagents:7.4.1 C
34、upric Oxide (CuO), wire form, dust-free.7.4.2 Fused Lead Chromate (PbCrO4), approximately 2.38to 0.84 mm in size.7.4.3 Silver Gauze, 99.9 % silver minimum purity, 0.84 mm,made from approximately No. 27 B wearingdust masks (NIOSH-approved type), especially while millingRDF samples; conducting tests u
35、nder a negative pressure hoodwhen possible; and washing hands before eating or smoking.9. Sampling9.1 RDF products are frequently nonhomogeneous. For thisreason significant care should be exercised to obtain a repre-sentative laboratory sample from the RDF lot to be character-ized.9.2 The sampling m
36、ethod for this procedure should be basedon agreement between the involved parties.9.3 The laboratory sample must be air-dried and particlesize reduced to pass a 0.5-mm screen as described in PracticeE 829. This procedure must be performed carefully to preservethe samples representative characteristi
37、cs (other than particlesize) while preparing the analysis sample to be used in theprocedures.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Combustion Tube PackingTo ensure complete oxi-dation of combustion products and complete removal ofinterfering substances such as oxides of sulfur, the combustiontube shall b
38、e packed with cupric oxide and lead chromate orsilver gauze. The arrangement and lengths of the tube fillingsand separating plugs shall be as shown in Fig. 2 (see Note 5).It is recommended that the tube be placed in a vertical position(constricted end downward) for packing. When filling the tubewith
39、 lead chromate, any residual reagent adhering to the wallsof the empty portion of the tube must be removed. When silvergauze is used as a tube filling, the required length of filling maybe prepared conveniently from three or four strips 150 to 200mm in length, by rolling each strip into a cylindrica
40、l plug andinserting the strips end-to-end in the tube.4“Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications,” Am. Chemi-cal Soc., Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed bythe American Chemical Society, see “Analar Standards for Laboratory U.K.Chemicals,” BDH Lt
41、d., Poole, Dorset, and the “United States Pharmacopeia”.5Tradenames of this reagent are Anhydrone or Dehydrite.A =clear fused quartz section (optional when a translucent quartz tube is used)B =cupric oxide fillingC =lead chromate or silver gauze fillingP1,P2,P3=oxidized copper gauze plugsNOTE 1When
42、furnace sections longer than those specified in 6.3 are to be used, changes in the above dimensions shall be in accordance withprovisions of Note 5.FIG. 2 Arrangement of Tube Filling for Combustion TubeE 777 87 (2004)3NOTE 5Longer furnaces with appropriate lengths of tube packing willbe satisfactory
43、.10.2 Purification and Absorption Trains:10.2.1 Water AbsorbersFill a container, described in6.1.1, with a permissible solid desiccant, as described in 7.5.1,by adding the required amount in small portions and settlingeach portion by gently tapping between additions. Place a glasswool plug between t
44、he reagent and absorber outlet to preventloss of reagent dust.10.2.2 Carbon Dioxide AbsorbersIf a solid reagent isused for the retention of carbon dioxide, 7.5.2, fill the absorber,6.1.2, as described in 10.2.1. Place a layer or cap of desiccantin the outlet section of the container; it shall be the
45、 same as thatused in the water absorber. This layer shall have a bulk volumenot less than one fourth nor more than onethird of thecombined volume of both reagents.10.2.2.1 If a liquid absorbent is used, fill the inner tube ofthe Vanier bulb with the same desiccant used in the waterabsorber. If a sol
46、id absorbent is used, place a glass wool plugin the outlet section of the container to prevent loss of reagentdust.10.2.3 Guard TubePack a container, as described in 5.1.1,with equal volumes of the water absorbent and a solid carbondioxide absorbent.10.2.4 ConnectionsTo ensure a closed system from t
47、hesupply tank of oxygen to the guard tube at the end of theabsorption train, it is recommended that all connections beglass-to-glass or glass-to-quartz butt joints with short lengthsof flexible tubing as seals. The connection between thepurification train and the combustion tube may be made bymeans
48、of a rubber stopper or other suitable device. Allconnections shall be gas tight. No lubricant shall be used formaking tubing connections in the absorption train.10.3 Conditioning of Apparatus.10.3.1 Newly Packed Combustion TubeBurn a sample ofRDF as described in 11.4 except that the products of comb
49、us-tion need not be fixed in a weighed absorption train.10.3.2 Used Combustion TubeAfter any extended shutdown (one day or more) test the combustion train underprocedure conditions, but without burning a sample, for 40 minwith weighed absorbers connected. A variation of not morethan 0.5 mg of both water and carbon dioxide absorbers shallbe considered satisfactory (see Note 3).10.3.3 Absorption TrainCondition freshly packed absorb-ers and guard tubes by burning a sample of RDF, as describedin 11.4, except that the absorber weights need not be dete
