1、Designation: F1779 08 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Practice forReporting Visual Observations of Oil on Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1779; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers methods of reporting and recordingvisual observations of oil on water and related responseactivities.1.
3、2 This practice applies only to visual observations of oilon water from an airplane or helicopter. While a similar set ofcodes could be used for classifying oil on beaches, this subjectis not discussed in this practice. It does not cover the use ofremote-sensing equipment from aircraft, which is dis
4、cussed ina separate standard. This does not include observations ofdispersed oil.1.3 This practice is applicable for all types of oil under avariety of environmental and geographical situations.1.4 Visual observations of oil on water from the air involvea number of safety issues associated with the
5、operation ofairplanes or helicopters at low altitudes. These are not dealtwith in this practice, but the observer should be aware of thehazards of such operations.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This stan
6、dard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 A
7、STM Standards:2F2534 Guide for Visually Estimating Oil Spill Thickness onWater3. Significance and Use3.1 This practice can be used by surveillance and trackingstaff to report visual observations. The data produced fromsuch observations will provide the basis for preparing maps ofthe oil-slick locati
8、on.3.2 This practice provides a procedure for reporting thevisual observation of oil on water in a systematic manner andin a common format.3.3 This practice deals with the possibility that materialsother than oil might be confused with oil when using visualobservation methods.4. Observational Method
9、s4.1 The basic information needed from a visual observationprogram includes the slick size and location, as well as itscharacteristics and shape. The location (preferably determinedby GPS) and some aspects of the effectiveness of a responseoperation can be easily determined from an aerial platform.R
10、eports on the presence of wildlife and the proximity of oil toenvironmentally sensitive areas are useful information that canbe generated from overflights.4.2 Observers of oil on water will generally use either ahelicopter or a small fixed-wing airplane. The planes shall becapable of slow-speed flig
11、ht (120 to 240 km/h; 60 to 120 knots)for extended periods of time and have good forward and sidevisibility. The aircraft shall have adequate range and enduranceconsistent with the size and location of the spill.4.3 Standard maps shall be provided to the observers, so thattheir data can be easily tra
12、nsferred to a single map or map setfor reporting and dissemination. The same maps should beused by the command team and the observers. These maps canbe based on marine charts, topographic maps or special mapsproduced for the spill. Useful scales vary from 1:10000 to1:50000. It is difficult to plot i
13、nformation to the requiredaccuracy using maps of a larger scale.4.4 The flight path shall be shown on all maps. The actualflight path should be recorded on GPS and can be transferredto the map(s) later. An initial proposed flight path should beprepared prior to the flight. During the flight, deviati
14、ons fromthis plan may be necessary in order to observe the total area ofthe slick.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.Current edition approved M
15、arch 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F1779 08. DOI:10.1520/F1779-08R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volum
16、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.5 Typical flight altitudes range from 100 to 1000 mdepending on the type of the spill and on the cloud ce
17、iling atflight time. There are flight safety considerations associatedwith low-altitude flying.4.6 The best angle to observe an oil slick is directly aboveit looking straight down. This is known as a nadir observation.The flight path should be adjusted, wherever possible, toprovide observers with a
18、nadir view of the slick. For mostfixed-wing aircraft, it is not possible to observe directlydownwards, and therefore the flight path should be chosen toallow for observation of the spill at as near the vertical aspossible.5. Methods of Reporting5.1 Reporting NeedsThere are a number of characteristic
19、sof the slick that shall be reported in order to provide the userof visual observations with the appropriate amount of infor-mation. The following characteristics shall be reported for eachslick that is observed during a reconnaissance flight. Theseobservations are a snap-shot in time. Both the loca
20、tion andcharacteristics of an oil slick change rapidly. In order to beuseful for responders, the information should be available ashort time after it is obtained (typically less than 3 h).5.2 Color of SlickThis shall be reported as a color code, asfollows:5.2.1 Brown or BlackB.5.2.2 Brown or Black w
21、ith a red tinge signifying presence ofan Emulsion or mousse E.5.2.3 Rainbow sheen R.5.2.4 Grey or Silver Grey sheenG.5.3 Percentage Coverage and Character of SlickPercentage of area as described that is covered by oil.5.4 The character of the slick shall be noted such as follows:5.4.1 WindrowsW.5.4.
22、2 ContinuousC.5.4.3 Tar BallsT.5.4.4 PancakesP.5.5 The eight parameters in 5.2 and 5.4 give a description ofthe oil slick.5.6 Slick FeaturesIf the leading edge of the slick can beidentified, is should be noted as a heavy line.5.7 The preceding data complete the description of the slick,as it would b
23、e placed on a base map.5.8 Other PropertiesThere are a number of secondaryrelated features that can be easily observed during a reconnais-sance flight, and should be reported on the surveillance map, ifappropriate. This recording of such information yields addi-tional useful data from a surveillance
24、 flight.These observationsinclude:5.8.1 Mechanical response operations (such as booms andskimmers)M.5.8.2 Dispersant or chemical response operationsD.5.8.3 In-situ burning (Fire) response operationsF.5.8.4 Shoreline cleanup in the area S.5.8.5 Animals or birds seen in area A.5.8.6 Wildlife Habitat i
25、n area H.5.8.7 Ocean featuresO (such as convergences).5.8.8 EXtra features such as ice, debrisX.5.9 Each element shall be separated by a forward slash (/)except for other properties which are included as a group. Thusa slick could be described as B/50/W/M. This can be decodedas a slick containing Bl
26、ack oil with a 50 % coverage. The oil isin Windrows and a Mechanical response operation is beingundertaken.6. Voice Communications6.1 Need for Voice CommunicationsSince timeliness isvery important, rapid communication of observations is essen-tial. There are many situations that require the use of v
27、oicecommunications, either by radio or telephone to describe an oilslick. In this case, sufficient information shall be communi-cated in order to allow the recipient to produce a map of theobservations.6.2 Location of ObservationThis location shall be re-ported in latitude and longitude of the appar
28、ent center of the oilslick being observed. If the leading edge of the slick can belocated, its position should be reported. This data can bedetermined using the aircraft navigation instruments or using aportable GPS receiver. It shall be reported in degrees, minutes,and seconds or in degrees, minute
29、s with two decimal points. Ifit is not possible to obtain the latitude and longitude of thelocation, an estimate of the range and bearing, from a properlyidentified geographical reference, shall be used. Alternatively,aircraft navigation instruments such as VOR/DME can beused, if available.6.3 Size
30、and Shape of SlickThe size and shape of the slickshall be reported. The units used shall be kilometres (ornautical miles) and represent the major and minor axis of theslick.6.4 Orientation of SlickThe orientation of the major axisshall be given using degrees from North. In the case of a slickof comp
31、lex shape, it shall be divided into a number of smallerslicks of simple geometry.6.5 Sequence of DataMany telephone lines and radiocommunications are very noisy. This is especially true oftransmission from small aircraft and helicopters used foroil-spill surveillance. To promote brevity and standard
32、ize thetransmission of data, the following sequence should be used. Ifplain language can be used, it should be, but the sequence oftransmission should be maintained. This means that a strictsequence must be observed in the transmission of surveillancedata. This sequence is:6.5.1 Latitude of slick ce
33、ntre N or S,6.5.2 Longitude of slick centre E or W,6.5.3 Leading edge-Latitude N or S or None,6.5.4 Leading edge-Longitude E or W or None,6.5.5 Length of major axis in kilometres (nautical miles),6.5.6 Length of minor axis in kilometres (nautical miles),6.5.7 Orientation of major axis in degrees fro
34、m North,6.5.8 Color of slickB, E, R, G,6.5.9 Percentage coveragePercent,6.5.10 Character of slickW, C, T, P,6.5.11 Other propertiesM, D, F, S, A, H, O, X, andF1779 08 (2014)26.5.12 END.6.6 If an element is not present, a dash () shall be used. Ata minimum, the first eight parameters shall be transmi
35、tted andas many as needed of the ninth parameter (Other Properties) asa single group. The transmission shall be terminated by theword END.6.6.1 Thus, a slick could be described as follows: Latitudeof Slick Center 582305“ N (slash) Longitude of slick center1761215“ W (slash) Latitude of Leading Edge
36、582340“ N(slash) Longitude of Leading Edge 1761020“ W (slash) 3 km(slash) 1 km (slash) 40 (slash) B (slash) 50 (slash) C (slash) M(slash) END. This means that there is a 3 by 1 km (nauticalmiles) slick oriented north-east (40) containing Black oil witha 50 % coverage. The oil is Continuous and there
37、 is aMechanical response operation in the area.Another example isthe description Latitude of Slick Center 582305“ N (slash)Longitude of slick center 1761215“ W (slash) None (slash)None (slash) 3 km (slash) 1 km (slash) 40 (slash) dash (slash)dash (slash) dash (slash) M (Slash) END, where visibility
38、waspoor and the nature of the slick could not be determined.7. Mapping7.1 There are three different styles of maps typically pro-duced during the operation of a visual flight program in theresponse to an incident. These are: preparation of a base map,conducting the overflight and preparation of a ma
39、p during theflight, and finally, preparation of a computer-generated map forpresentation purposes based on the overflight hand-preparedmap. Standards for computer-generated maps are not includedin this practice.7.2 A base map should be prepared that covers the area ofthe spill. If the spill is very
40、large, more than one base map maybe required. They should have sufficient detail to guide theobserver in the aircraft. The area covered should be consistentwith the size of the spill, but should probably not exceed 100by 100 km . A typical example of a base map is shown in Fig.1. This map should inc
41、lude the location of the spill (circled X),the command center and other geographic features that willassist the user in the understanding of the map. Any informa-tion that is common to all maps should be placed on the basemap.7.3 The second type of map uses the base map and theconcise notation descr
42、ibed earlier to record data obtainedduring an overflight. This map is hand-drawn. It is thecombined responsibility of the observers and the generator ofthe computer map to produce the final map which correctlydescribes the observational data. An example of an overflightmap is shown in Fig. 2.7.4 Use
43、rs of visual observations may well request an esti-mate of the amount of oil on the water. While this cannot bedone with any degree of accuracy, Guide F2534 providesinformation on this technique.8. Keywords8.1 airborne surveillance; oil spill reconnaissance; oil spillsurveillance; visual observation
44、F1779 08 (2014)3FIG. 1 Typical Example of Base MapF1779 08 (2014)4ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any s
45、uch patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invi
46、ted either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received
47、a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of thi
48、s standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).FIG. 2 Overflight MapF1779 08 (2014)5
