1、Designation: F1972 16Standard Guide forTerminology Relating to Candles and Associated AccessoryItems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1972; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide defines standard terms used to describecandles and associated accessory products.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound u
3、nits are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are for informa-tion only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CF2058 Specification for Candle Fire Safety LabelingF2326 Test Method for Collection and
4、 Analysis of VisibleEmissions from Candles as They BurnF2417 Specification for Fire Safety for CandlesF2601 Specification for Fire Safety for Candle Accessories2.2 NFPA Standard:3NFPA 909 Code for the Protection of Cultural Resources3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.
5、1.1 base material, nintended fuel source for candleflame. F24173.1.2 burn cycle, nthe length of time from when thecandle is lit to when the candle is manually extinguished(typically 4 hours). F23263.1.3 burn period, nthe total length of time a candle isburned to complete the specified test. F23263.1
6、.4 burn time, ntime interval a test specimen supportssustained flaming combustion after removal of the ignitionsource until all flaming ceases. F26013.1.5 candle, none or more combustible wicks supportedby a material that constitutes a fuel which is solid, semi-solid,or quasi-rigid at room temperatu
7、re, 68 to 80F (20 to 27C);it can also contain additives that are used for color, scent,stability, or to modify the burning characteristics; the combinedfunction of which is to sustain a light-producing flame.3.1.5.1 altar candle, ncandle that is constructed,packaged, and labeled as an altar candle.(
8、1) DiscussionThe candle is used in a place of worship inclose proximity to the altar during the religious service orceremony. F24173.1.5.2 birthday candle, ncandle or candle ensemblewhose sole purpose is to be used on a birthday cake. F24173.1.5.3 Easter, Paschal, sacramental candle, ncandle thatis
9、constructed, packaged, and labeled as an Easter, Paschal, orsacramental candle (or some combination of these names, forexample, Easter/Paschal), generally 43.2 cm (17.0 in.) or morein length.(1) DiscussionThe candle shall be displayed and burned inthe place of worship as the focal candle during East
10、er or withthe celebration of various sacraments. The candle is adornedwith symbols and ornamentation as required and deemedappropriate. F24173.1.5.4 filled candle, na candle produced and used withinthe same vessel. F20583.1.5.5 freestanding candle, na rigid candle (for example,pillar-shaped, column-
11、shaped, or figurine) that is intended to beburned only on a heatresistant, noncombustible surface or ona heat-resistant, noncombustible candle accessory.3.1.5.6 non-freestanding birthday candle, nany candle orcandle ensemble that does not include pyrotechnics and isdesigned and marketed for use with
12、 birthday cakes and doesnot comply with the stability requirements in Section 4.4 ofF2417, Safety Requirements for Stability. F24173.1.5.7 taper candle, na slender candle produced to beused with a candle accessory for support.3.1.5.8 tealight candle, na cylindrical filled candle pro-duced with a dia
13、meter and height of approximately 1.5 in. (38mm) and 0.75 in. (19 mm) respectively3.1.5.9 votive candle, na candle produced for use fullywithin a candle accessory, specifically, a votive holder.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 on ConsumerProducts and is the direct responsi
14、bility of Subcommittee F15.45 on CandleProducts.Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as F1972 13. DOI:10.1520/F1972-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer
15、 Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive
16、, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.6 candle accessory, nobject designed for use with acandle. F26013.1.6.1 votive holder, na small open vessel designed tohold a votive candle during use; the votive holder must becapable of containing the entire volume of the melted vo
17、tivecandle.3.1.7 candle burner, na candle holder that restricts the freeflow of exiting combustion gases.3.1.7.1 DiscussionDoes not include the item known as a“candle follower” also referred to by the term “candle burner”in the liturgical industry. Candle burners also include, but arenot limited to,
18、 lanterns, potpourri burners, and food warmers.F26013.1.8 candle flashover, ncondition where the base materi-als vapors ignite over the entire fuel pool. F24173.1.9 candle holder, ncandle accessory onto which acandle is placed. It may support, hold or contain a candle whenin use.3.1.9.1 DiscussionFi
19、lled candles are not candle holders.F26013.1.10 candle ring, ncandle accessory intended to sur-round the candle with decorative materials in proximity to acandle, including, but not limited to, a continuous ring or loosefill material. F26013.1.11 coating, nany material, other than wax based,which is
20、 used to cover at least a portion of the candle. F24173.1.11.1 DiscussionThis material includes, but is not lim-ited to, paint, glue, glitter, wood, plastic, or any other materialthat is not wax-based (which is generally considered anoverdip).3.1.11.2 DiscussionExcludes product labeling on bottomand
21、 any packaging meant to be removed prior to use.3.1.12 consumption rate, nrate at which a candle isconsumed measured in grams of fuel consumed per hour.3.1.12.1 DiscussionConsumption rate is determined byweighing a candle prior to burning and then again at the end ofthe life or burn cycle of the can
22、dle. The weight consumed ingrams is then divided by the burn time in hours to arrive at aconsumption rate in grams per hour. F26013.1.13 end of useful life, nwhen the candle ceases tosupport combustion and the candle flame(s) goes(go) out on itsown, as designed, and cannot be re-lit. F24173.1.14 ens
23、emble, na candle and items physically packagedtogether and intended for use with the candle for sale as oneunit at the retail level. F24173.1.15 fire safety warning, nprecautionary information onthe label, consisting of the safety alert symbol, the signal word(if present), the fire safety warning st
24、atement(s) and pictograms(if present) required by this standard to appear on the unit ofsale. F20583.1.16 fire safety warning statement(s), nspecific warningmessage(s) required by this standard. F20583.1.17 fuel pool, npool of molten base material. F24173.1.18 fuel pool establishment period, ntime,
25、15 min orlonger, before each burn cycle that a candle must be burned toestablish a normal fuel pool and stable flame. F23263.1.19 gel type candle, na candle where the primary fuelis a liquid, such as mineral oil, terpene type chemicals, ormodified hydrocarbons that are not mineral oil based, whichma
26、y or may not contain organic functional groups; it alsocontains a chemical agent to increase the viscosity (thicken) toa point where the candle has a quasi-rigid property.3.1.20 ignition, ninitiation of combustion.3.1.20.1 DiscussionThe combustion is typically evi-denced by glow or flame. The combus
27、tion may be sustained ortransient. F26013.1.21 label, ndisplay of textual or graphic matter on theunit of sale. F20583.1.22 molten fuel pool, nportion of the wax or fuel poolof a candle that is in the liquid form when the candle isburning. F23263.1.23 noncombustible, adjnot capable of igniting andbu
28、rning when subjected to a fire under specified conditions.3.1.23.1 DiscussionMaterials that are reported as passingTest Method E136 are considered noncombustible. F2417,F26013.1.24 optical densitometer, ninstrument used for deter-mining the optical density in the transmittance or reflectancemode. F2
29、3263.1.25 packaging, nexternal container, such as a box,case, bag or sleeve in which a candle(s) is sold. Packaging doesnot include the vessel of a filled candle. F20583.1.26 paint, na pigmented material which is generallyapplied to the outside surface of the candle, primarily used todecorate the ca
30、ndle. F24173.1.27 pictogram, ngraphic symbol intended to convey amessage without the use of words. F20583.1.28 place of worship, nany building that functionsprimarily as a group meeting place for the practice of religion(see NFPA 909).3.1.28.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,churches,
31、 synagogues, cathedrals, temples, and meeting halls.F24173.1.29 potpourri burner, ncandle burner designed to pro-vide a source of heat to warm a reservoir of extraneousmaterial. F26013.1.30 product display space, nthe area of the panel seenby the retail customer on which the warning label is display
32、edwhen looking at the top, bottom, or sides of the unit of sale.3.1.31 safety alert symbol, ngraphic symbol consisting ofan exclamation point inside of an equilateral triangle with thepoint of the triangle oriented upward. F20583.1.32 secondary ignition, nself-sustained flame otherthan that on the i
33、ntended wick(s) that occurs during candle use,including candle flashover. F24173.1.33 self-sustained flame, nflame that continues to burnuntil the fuel source is removed or depleted or requires manualextinguishing. F24173.1.34 shade, na candle accessory placed above thecandle, whose function is to m
34、odify light from the flame andchange the appearance of the candle.F1972 1623.1.35 signal word, nthe word WARNING as it appears inthe fire safety warning. F20583.1.36 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or overthe surface of the specimen for periods of4sormore.3.1.36.1 DiscussionSustained flami
35、ng starts at the begin-ning of the period when a flame is found on or over the surface.F26013.1.37 top of the candle, nthe upper most part of thecandle or container. F23263.1.38 topper, nvented candle accessory, which is placeddirectly on top of a container candle, to modify airflow.3.1.39 unit of s
36、ale, nthe candle or candle and its containeror package as purchased by the consumer. F20583.1.40 visible emissions, nemissions that can be seen oncecollected on a substrate. F23263.1.41 warning panel, nentire surface of the panel onwhich the fire safety warning appears on the unit of sale. F20583.1.
37、42 wax, na crystalline, plastic solid or semi-solidmaterial at 77F (25C), consisting of a mixture of hydrocar-bons or hydrocarbon derivatives, or both, that typically attemperatures equal to or greater than 104F (40C), melts andbecomes a low viscosity liquid. Waxes may be of mineral(particularly pet
38、roleum), vegetable, animal (including insect),or synthetic origin.3.1.43 wax candle, na candle for which the primary fuel iswax.3.1.44 wick, nan object that delivers fuel to a flamethrough the process of capillary action.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is used to establish a set of definitions
39、 thatallows manufacturers, consumers, retailers, and the scientificcommunity to use a common language to define candles andassociated accessory items.5. Keywords5.1 candle; flame; wickASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any it
40、em mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical com
41、mittee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
42、meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
43、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 163
