1、Designation: F 2362 03An American National StandardStandard Specification forTemperature Monitoring Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2362; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for equip-ment intended to provide control input and monitoring oftemperatu
3、res in general applications. Equipment described inthis specification includes temperature indicators, signal con-ditioners and power supplies, and temperature sensors such asthermocouples and resistance temperature element assemblies.1.2 Special requirements for Naval shipboard applicationsare incl
4、uded in the Supplementary Requirements section.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingE 344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and
5、 Hydrom-etry3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terminology shall be in ac-cordance with Terminology E 344.4. Classification4.1 GeneralTemperature measuring devices are generallyclassified as either temperature sensors or thermometers. Ther-mometers are not covered by this specification. Tem
6、peraturesensors are classified by design and construction. Sensors mayalso be classified by the manner of response, basically me-chanical or electrical, to a change in temperature. Mechanicalresponse is characterized by some mechanical action as tem-perature changes. Electrical response is character
7、ized by theproduction or change of an electrical signal or property astemperature changes. The following describes the most com-mon types of sensors:4.2 ThermocouplesThermocouples are constructed in avariety of designs to provide measurement of direct or differ-ential temperature. Thermocouples are
8、commonly installedusing a thermowell which protects the thermocouple but alsodelays the rapid response time characteristic of thermocouples.4.2.1 Principle of OperationMost thermocouples utilizetwo wires fabricated from dissimilar metals joined at one endto form a measuring junction that is exposed
9、to the processmedium being measured. The other ends of the wires areusually terminated at a measuring instrument which forms areference junction. When the two junctions are exposed todifferent temperatures, electrical current will flow through thecircuit (Seebeck Effect). The measurement of millivol
10、tageresulting from the current is proportional to the temperaturebeing sensed.4.2.2 Types of ThermocouplesThermocouples can be di-vided into functional classes by materials and therefore,temperature ranges. The three classes are base metal, noblemetal, and refractory metal. Although many types are c
11、om-monly used in industrial applications, the Instrument Society ofAmerica (ISA) has assigned letter designations to seven types.By convention, the practice of using a slash mark to separatethe materials of each thermocouple wire is widely accepted.Likewise, the order in which the materials appear a
12、lso denotespolarity of the wires; positive/negative when the measuringjunction is at a higher temperature than the reference junction.The following are examples of typical thermocouples:Class Type Materials Temperature (max)Base metal J Iron/constantan 1000C (1832F)Base metal T Copper/constantan 100
13、0C (1832F)Base metal K Chromel/Alumel 1000C (1832F)Base metal E Chromel/constantan 1000C (1832F)Base metal - Alloys of copper, nickel, iron, chromium,manganese, aluminum, and other metals1000C (1832F)Noble metal - Various noble metals 2000C (3632F)Refractorymetal- Tungsten-rhenium, tantalum, molybde
14、num,and their alloys2600C (4712F)4.3 Resistance Temperature Measuring DevicesResistance thermometers measure changes in temperaturebased on changes in resistance of the sensor element exposedto the temperature. Two common types are resistance tempera-ture detectors which have metal sensor elements a
15、nd ther-mistors which have semiconductor sensor elements.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Shipsand Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.10 onElectrical.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published January 2004.2For reference
16、d ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
17、shohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3.1 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)An RTDconsists of sensor which uses a metal wire or fiber whichresponds to changes in temperature by changing its resistance.The sensor is connected to a readout via a bridge circuit orother means of translating the
18、 resistance to a temperaturevalue.4.3.1.1 Types of RTDsRTD designs include averagingRTDs, annular RTDs, and combination RTD-thermocouples.Averaging RTDs are characterized by a long resistance ele-ment. Annular RTDs have sensors that are designed to providea tight fit within the inner walls of thermo
19、wells. CombinationRTD-thermocouples have both an RTD and a thermocouplehoused in the same sheath.4.3.2 ThermistorsThermistors are made of solid semicon-ductor materials, usually complex metal oxides, that have ahigh coefficient of resistance. Thermistors are available withpositive and negative tempe
20、rature coefficients of resistance andare usually designated PTC and NTC thermistors, respectively.The temperature range for typical thermistors is 100 to 300C(212 to 572F).4.3.2.1 Types of ThermistorsThermistors are classed bythe configuration of the semiconductor material. Commontypes are the bead,
21、 disc, washer, and rod thermistors. Leads areattached to semiconductor materials, except where metal platedfaces are used for contact to complete the circuit.5. Ordering Information5.1 The purchaser should provide the manufacturer with allof the pertinent application data outlined in the acquisition
22、requirements.5.2 Acquisition RequirementsAcquisition documentsshould specify the following:5.2.1 Title, number and date of this specification,5.2.2 Classification required,5.2.3 Quantity of units required,5.2.4 Type of enclosure mounting,5.2.5 Power requirements,5.2.6 Equipment temperature ranges,5.
23、2.7 Size or weight limitations,5.2.8 Disposition of qualification test samples,5.2.9 Product marking requirements, and5.2.10 Special preservation, packaging, packing and mark-ing requirements.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Temperature SensorsThe materials for all wetted partsshall be selected for l
24、ong term compatibility with the processmedium.7. Physical Properties7.1 DescriptionThe equipment specified herein in con-junction with the thermocouples or resistance temperaturemeasuring elements comprise a temperature instrument. Thetemperature monitoring equipment may consist of the follow-ing un
25、its and may be built integrally together and housed in thesame enclosure:7.1.1 Signal ConditionerThe signal conditioner shall con-vert the sensing element output to a continuous linear analogsignal directly proportional to temperature.7.1.2 Power SupplyThe power supply shall provide exci-tation ener
26、gy to the signal conditioner and sensor.7.1.3 Test DeviceA test device shall be furnished toprovide a calibrated test signal used for calibrating the equip-ment.7.2 Size and Weight ConsiderationsA dimensional outlineof the temperature monitoring equipment showing overall andprinciple dimensions in s
27、ufficient detail to establish spacerequirements in all directions necessary for installation andservicing will greatly assist proper selection. In many applica-tions weight is a critical limitation.7.3 General FeaturesRequirements for general featuresshall be specified. General features consist of t
28、he following:7.3.1 Output,7.3.2 Equipment range,7.3.3 Adjustments,7.3.4 Failsafe output,7.3.5 Isolation,7.3.6 Enclosure,7.3.7 Power supply requirements, and7.3.8 Cable entrance and connection.8. Performance Requirements8.1 Service LifeThe purchaser may have a minimumspecified service life requiremen
29、t. Critical service life require-ments shall be specified in the acquisition requirements.8.2 Performance ConsiderationsCertain performancecharacteristics may be deemed critical to the intended ordesired function of temperature monitoring equipment. Perfor-mance tolerances are usually expressed in p
30、ercent of equip-ment span. The following performance characteristics andenvironmental exposures should be tailored to each purchasersintended application:8.2.1 Accuracy,8.2.2 Repeatability,8.2.3 Threshold and deadband,8.2.4 Ripple,8.2.5 Warm-up time,8.2.6 Input resistance,8.2.7 Supply voltage or fre
31、quency, or both,8.2.8 Temperature error,8.2.9 Response time,8.2.10 Temperature,8.2.11 Insulation resistance,8.2.12 Vibration, and8.2.13 Shock.9. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance9.1 Finish and AppearanceAny special surface finish andappearance requirements shall be specified in the acquisitionrequi
32、rements.10. Number of Tests and Retests10.1 Test SpecimenThe number of test specimens to besubjected to qualification testing shall depend on the sensordesign. If each range is covered by a separate and distinctdesign, a test specimen for each range may require testing. Ininstances where a singular
33、design series may cover multipleF2362032ranges and types, only three test specimens may need to betested provided the electrical and mechanical similarities areapproved by the purchaser. In no case, however, should lessthan three units, one unit each representing low , medium, andhigh ranges, be tes
34、ted, regardless of design similarity.11. Test Data11.1 Test DataAll test data shall remain on file at themanufacturers facility for review by the purchaser uponrequest. It is recommended that test data be retained in themanufacturers files for at least three years, or a period of timeacceptable to t
35、he purchaser and manufacturer.12. Inspection12.1 Classification of InspectionsThe inspection require-ments specified herein are classified as follows:12.1.1 Qualification testing, and12.1.2 Quality conformance testing.12.2 Qualification TestingQualification test requirementsshall be specified where
36、applicable. Qualification test methodsshould be identified for each design and performance charac-teristic specified. Test report documentation requirementsshould also be specified.12.3 Quality Conformance TestingQuality conformancetesting is accomplished when qualification testing was satisfiedby a
37、 previous acquisition or product has demonstrated reliabil-ity in similar applications. Quality conformance testing isusually less intensive than qualification, often verifying thatsamples of a production lot meet a few critical performancerequirements.13. Certification13.1 When specified in the pur
38、chase order or contract, thepurchaser shall be furnished certification that samples repre-senting each lot have been either tested or inspected as directedin this specification and the requirements have been met. Whenspecified in the purchase order or contract, a report of the testresults shall be f
39、urnished.14. Product Marking14.1 Purchaser specified product marking shall be listed inthe acquisition requirements.15. Packaging and Package Marking15.1 Packaging of Product for DeliveryProduct should bepackaged for shipment in accordance with Practice D 3951.15.2 Any special preservation, packagin
40、g, or package mark-ing requirements for shipment or storage shall be identified inthe acquisition requirements.16. Quality Assurance Provisions16.1 Warranty:16.1.1 Responsibility for WarrantyUnless otherwisespecified, the manufacturer is responsible for the following:16.1.1.1 All materials used to p
41、roduce a unit, and16.1.1.2 Manufacturer will warrant his product to be freefrom defect of workmanship to produce the unit.17. Keywords17.1 resistance temperature detector (RTD); thermistor;thermocoupleSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSTEMPERATURE MONITORING EQUIPMENT (NAVAL SHIPBOARD USE)The following suppl
42、ementary requirements established for U.S. Naval shipboard application shallapply when specified in the contract or purchase order. When there is conflict between the standard(ASTM F 2362) and this supplement, the requirements of this supplement shall take precedence forequipment acquired by this su
43、pplement. This document supercedes MIL-T-15377, TemperatureMonitor Equipment, Naval Shipboard, for new ship construction.S1. ScopeS1.1 This supplement covers temperature monitoring equip-ment which continuously monitors and selectively indicates, ata central location, a number of temperatures at rem
44、ote equip-ment locations on board naval ships.S1.2 Monitoring EquipmentMonitoring equipment, inconjunction with the temperature sensor assemblies and inter-connecting cabling, comprise a temperature measuring andalarm system. In order to warn operating personnel of abnor-mal temperature conditions,
45、the system shall energize anaudible and visual alarm when the temperature at a particularlocation is below or above a preset limit. Monitoring oftemperatures shall be accomplished by measuring the electro-motive force (emf) output of thermocouples or by measuringthe signal output due to changes in r
46、esistance of temperaturesensing elements. Temperature monitoring equipment shallactuate external audible alarms specified herein.S1.3 Selective Temperature Readout EquipmentSelectivetemperature readout equipment, in conjunction with tempera-ture sensor assemblies and interconnecting cabling, compris
47、e atemperature measuring system. In order to enable operatingpersonnel to measure a number of temperatures at remotepoints, the system shall enable the operator to manually selectthe desired point to be measured, convert the selected tempera-ture sensor output to a signal proportional to temperature
48、, anddisplay this signal on a meter calibrated in temperature C (F).Readout of temperatures shall be accomplished by measuringthe output of thermocouples or by measuring the signal outputdue to changes in resistance of temperature sensing elements.S1.4 The U.S. Government preferred system of measure
49、-ment is the metric SI system. However, since this item wasF2362033originally designed using inch-pound units of measurement, inthe event of conflict between the metric and inch-pound units,the inch-pound units shall take precedence.S2. Referenced DocumentsS2.1 Commercial Documents:ANSI C96.1 Temperature Measurement Thermocouples3S2.2 Government Documents:4S2.2.1 Military Standards:MIL-STD-167-1 Mechanical Vibrations of ShipboardEquipment (Type IEnvironmental and Type IIInternallyExcited)MIL-STD-1399 Interface Standard for Ship
