1、Designation: F 2444 04Standard Practice forDamage Prevention of Bearings, and Bearing ComponentsThrough Proper Handling Techniques1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2444; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers requirements for the handling of allbearings and bearing components.1.2 This
3、 is a general practice. The individual bearing han-dling requirements shall be as specified herein or as specifiedin the contract or purchase order. In the event of any conflictbetween requirements of this practice and the individualbearing requirements of an OEM drawing, procurement speci-fication,
4、 or other specification, the latter shall govern. Manycompanies, organizations, and bearing users have excellentfacilities, equipment, and knowledgeable personnel for han-dling bearings. The thrust of this practice is for users that donot have this knowledge of bearings.1.3 This standard does not pu
5、rport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ABMA Standard:2AB
6、MA 1 Terminology2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 14644-1 Cleanrooms and Associated ControlledEnvironmentsPart 1: Classification of Air Cleanliness(DOD Adopted)ISO 14644-2 Cleanrooms and Associated ControlledEnvironmentsPart 2: Specifications for Testing andMonitoring to Prove Continued Compliance with ISO1464
7、4-1ISO 9001 Quality Management SystemsRequirements3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, refer to ABMA 1.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice covers bearings and bearing componentsof all material compositions and grades. It may be used todevelop a process f
8、or adequately handling bearings.4.2 Unless the proper conditions of an adequate facility,equipment, and trained personnel are available, it may be betternot to inspect the bearings in-house. The danger of contami-nating and damaging the bearings may be much greater thanthe possibility of receiving b
9、earings that will not function.4.3 Bearings are easily damaged at the customers receivingand test areas. In most cases, bearings should be acceptedbased on the bearing manufacturers certification. Certificatesof quality (conformance) supplied by the bearing manufacturermay be furnished in lieu of ac
10、tual performance of such testingby the receiving activity of the bearings. The certificate shallinclude the name of the purchaser, contract number/PO num-ber, name of the manufacturer or supplier, item identification,name of the material, lot number, lot size, sample size, date oftesting, test metho
11、d, individual test results, and the specifica-tion requirements.4.4 This practice does not cover clean room requirements ofminiature and instrument precision bearings. These bearingsrequire clean room environments in accordance with ISO14644-1 and ISO 14644-2.5. Reasons for Not Handling Bearings5.1
12、When bearings are received, the following questionsmust be asked:5.1.1 What amount of inspection checks will be performedon the bearings? Do we need to do any checks?5.1.2 What will it cost to establish and maintain equipmentand facilities to inspect and test bearings?5.1.3 What is the established h
13、istory of the bearing? If therehas never been a rejection, is inspection warranted?5.1.4 What type of test is required and how detailed is it?5.1.4.1 Rough spin,5.1.4.2 Destructive,5.1.4.3 Nondestructive (NDT),5.1.4.4 Disassembly,5.1.4.5 Test requires recleaning, relubrication, and repack-aging of t
14、he bearings,5.1.4.6 Test requires a clean room environment,5.1.4.7 Dimensional, or1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F34 on RollingElement Bearings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F34.03 onPreservation, Cleaning, and Packaging.Current edition approved Nov. 1,
15、 2004. Published November 2004.2Available from American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 2025M Street, NW Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
16、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.4.8 Performance.5.1.5 What type of documentation is required?5.1.6 Are trained personnel available?5.1.7 Are adequate equipment and facilities available?5.1.8 Do we have knowledge of the bearing manufacturersquality system?6. Eq
17、uipment and Facilities6.1 The list below provides some conditions that must beconsidered by the bearing user. The bearing user must deter-mine if they have the necessary in-house capability to performinspections and tests of bearings.6.2 It is recommended that the bearing areas have a con-trolled en
18、vironment.6.3 The construction of the bearing handling areas should bemade of materials that do not lend themselves to accumulatingdust. It is recommended that plastic materials or other non-shedding materials be used for walls and ceilings. The floorsshould be of a material that will not require wa
19、xing, has veryfew seams if any, and a non-abrasive surface.6.4 Bearing handling areas should be away from doors andwindows to prevent dust from entering the area when the doorsor windows are opened.6.5 The room must be well-lit.6.6 Containers with covers are recommended for use duringinspection and
20、tests of bearings. Racks, trays, and handlingcontainers should be made of glass, solvent resistant plastic, ornon-magnetic materials.6.7 Tweezers and tongs should have blunt points androunded edges, and be made of non-magnetic stainless steel.Other suitable materials may be used.6.8 Compressed air,
21、if any is used in the room for gauging,cleaning, or drying bearings, should be filtered and dehydrated.6.9 Inspection equipment required would depend on whatand how much inspection is to be performed. It could consistof microscopes for visual inspection, air gages for checkingbores and outside diame
22、ters, electronic or mechanical gages forchecking width, and special gages for checking radial play,torque, axial play, and preload. Not all of these gages are usedon all bearings. Many of these tests can only be performed atthe manufacturers facility. Many dimensions can only bechecked as component
23、parts. These are made before thebearings are assembled.7. Training of Bearing Personnel7.1 All personnel handling bearings shall be trained andmust demonstrate the ability to perform visual inspections ofbearings. This training shall be documented on the employeetraining record.7.2 The training may
24、be divided into two parts. Classroomtraining may be Part I and performance training may be Part II.7.3 Personnel must complete all of the training require-ments.7.4 The bearing supplier is responsible for performance ofall of the testing and inspection requirements. The receivingactivity may use ass
25、igned certified personnel and equipment orany other suitable facility with trained personnel in theperformance of the acceptance tests or inspections.8. General Handling Rules (Recommended Precautions)8.1 Never touch bearings with the bare hands. Acid mois-ture deposited by fingers will corrode bear
26、ings, and particles ofskin on the surface of the bearings are very hard to remove.Use tweezers, tongs, powder free rubber gloves, and fingercots.8.2 A bearing should never be placed directly on a contami-nated surface.8.3 The use of headgear or hairnets is recommended toprotect the bearings from hai
27、r contamination.8.4 Personnel handling bearings should change their per-sonal clothing when it becomes soiled or contaminated by solidor liquid materials.8.5 Personnel should wear shoes or boots that are free of dirtor other contamination. Shoe brushes may be provided in theseareas so that footgear
28、can be cleaned.8.6 Personal items such as jackets, sweaters, papers, food,or drinks should not be in areas of close proximity to thebearings.8.7 Lint-free rags and cloths should be used when cleaningbearings8.8 No smoking is allowed in any inspection, test, orassembly area where bearings are handled
29、.8.9 No paper should be allowed to touch bearings becauseof possible contamination from paper lint. Some paper is alsoacidic and could cause corrosion. The use of non-sheddingpaper is desirable for making notes and recording data. Plasticdocument protectors may be used to enclose paper documen-tatio
30、n such as routing tickets, labels, etc.8.10 No erasers or rubber bands should be permitted aroundbearings. These items are a source of particulate contamina-tion.8.11 Personnel should use ballpoint pens.8.12 Personnel handling bearings should wash and dryhands frequently, especially after eating or
31、smoking.8.13 Do not carry tweezers or other working equipment inpockets. Pockets are a large source of contamination. Garmentswithout pockets are desirable.8.14 Clean all gages and working equipment before using.8.15 Use only clean containers for holding bearings. Becareful not to use a container th
32、at may have held bearings witha different lubricant.8.16 The use of abrasive paper around bearings is notrecommended.8.17 Table tops and workbenches should be cleaned withlint free cloths or sponges and appropriate cleaner.8.18 Dust-proof cabinets may be used for storing bearings.No paper products s
33、hould be allowed in the dust cabinets.Inkpads and stamps should not be placed in dust cabinets.8.19 Fans should not be permitted in areas where bearingsare handled.8.20 Appropriate hand lotions containing moisturizers maybe used in any of the bearing handling areas.8.21 Areas should be kept neat and
34、 orderly. There should becovered trash containers available for disposal of waste prod-ucts.8.22 Bearings and components released by machines mustbe controlled to prevent damage.F24440428.23 If components or bearings drop on the floor, they mustbe inspected.8.24 When emptying components into another
35、 container,prevent sharp hitting.8.25 Components and bearings must be handled with careduring measurements.8.26 When removing components from tumblers, do notpour or drop components.8.27 Place components gently into containers between ma-chining operations.8.28 Components segregated for regrind are
36、to be handledjust as acceptable items.8.29 Do not shake, drop, or move containers abruptly.8.30 Place components and bearings in baskets by layeringwith dividers.8.31 During operations that may generate agitation, usecaution to avoid part movement.8.32 During placement and removal of containers from
37、 cartsand wagons, handle gently.8.33 Items subject to corrosion during fabrication or storagerequire special processing.8.34 Preserve and package items in controlled areas asrequired.8.35 Ensure that all bearings and components are properlyidentified at all times.9. Preparation for Inspection9.1 Bea
38、rings are easily damaged at the customers receivinginspection or test area. The damage is usually caused by thelack of training on how to properly handle bearings.9.2 Bearings should be brought into a suitable inspectionarea in the smallest unit container that has the completemarking and identificat
39、ion information.9.3 Shipping and intermediate containers, if applicable,should be removed before the bearings are brought to theinspection area.9.4 Do not open more vials or packages than are required toobtain the inspection sample.9.5 Care should be taken so that plastic particles are not asource o
40、f contamination when vials must be cut open withrazor blades, knives, or other sharp-edged instruments.9.6 All bearing packages should be thoroughly cleaned onthe outside to remove contamination. Cut plastic bags contain-ing bearings with a razor blade or scissors.9.7 When bearings are serialized, c
41、are must be taken toprevent any mix up. The same care needs to be taken onbearings that are coded or classified in any manner.9.8 When separable bearings are being inspected, careshould be taken not to interchange the inner and outer races, asthey are usually matched. If the races become mixed, theb
42、earings must be scrapped.9.9 One of the first operations in preparing for inspection ofbearings should be demagnetization. Magnetized bearings arehighly susceptible to contamination. The manufacturer willdemagnetize the bearings before shipping, but they will pick upmagnetism en route. There are sev
43、eral types of demagnetizersavailable, but precautions should be taken in their proper use toinsure the operator does not actually magnetize the bearings.The demagnification should be verified with a gaussmeter. Amaximum of 5 gauss is recommended.10. Sampling10.1 Sampling for visual and dimensional t
44、esting of bear-ings and bearing components shall be done in accordance withthe purchase order or contract. The unit of product for samplingpurposes shall be one bearing as applicable. Acceptancenumber shall be zero for all sample series unless otherwisespecified.10.2 Remember that “each” handling op
45、eration detractsfrom the quality of the bearing. The benefits to be obtainedfrom sampling are: less damage to the bearings caused byhandling, reduction of inspection errors caused by fatigue anda reduced inspection time. Personnel performing the inspectionand testing shall meet the specific training
46、 requirements of theorganization.11. Receiving Inspection11.1 Handling of all bearing components and bearing as-semblies requires care, patience, knowledge, and commonsense.11.2 Use clean, burr-free tools that are designed for the job.The tools should not be painted or metal-plated. Use non-magnetic
47、 tools for miniature and instrument bearings.11.3 Bearings should not be removed from the originalpackaging until they are ready for inspection, test, or use.11.4 Protect unwrapped bearings by keeping them coveredand dry at all times.11.5 Miniature bearings, miniature precision bearings, andinstrume
48、nt bearings must be handled in a clean room environ-ment.11.6 Containers used for components and assemblies shouldbe designed to avoid dents, nicks, and part-to-part impact. Size,type, and weight are important considerations when selectingcontainers for storage and movement of parts.11.7 Assembled b
49、earings shall be handled individually atreceiving. Packaged bearings shall be removed from thepackaging and placed in tote bins for inspection. Bearings shallbe moved to other areas in the tote bins or may be individuallyplaced in bags, vials, or racks. Bulk handling may be suitablefor bearings 30 mm or less in diameter.All larger bearings shallbe individually handled.11.8 Inspect bearings using the unaided eye. Higher magni-fication is normally allowed to evaluate defects.11.9 Plated, coated, and dry-film lubricated parts such asrings, retainers, and cages may require special ha
