1、AWS C6.2/C6.2M:2006An American National StandardSpecification forFriction Weldingof Metals550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS C6.2/C6.2M:2006An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteAugust 8, 2006Specification forFriction Welding of Metals1st EditionPrep
2、ared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) C6 Committee on Friction WeldingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis specification provides for the qualification of friction welding machines, procedures, and training of welding opera
3、tors.Qualification of the welding procedure specification (WPS) includes the material specifications involved, weld joint design,destructive and nondestructive examination requirements, as well as guidelines for different categories of quality assurance.Qualification of welding equipment includes we
4、ld parameter control and weld reproducibility.Welding operators require training in the proper operation of friction welding equipment. The requirements for requali-fication of the WPS and equipment are also given.iiAWS C6.2/C6.2M:2006International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-631-3American Welding
5、 Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2006 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recor
6、ding, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provide
7、d that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS C6.2/C6.2M:2006Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classificat
8、ions, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are inclu
9、ded in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can bec
10、ome a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between
11、 the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the
12、 development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, orverify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indi
13、rect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not unde
14、rtaking to render professional or other services for or onbehalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a co
15、mpetent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade na
16、me. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this
17、standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtai
18、ned by sending a request,in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex D). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinionson AWS standards may be rendered. However, such op
19、inions represent only the personal opinions of the particularindividuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute officialor unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as asu
20、bstitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C6 Committee on Friction Welding. It must be reviewedevery five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions,or deletions) and any pertine
21、nt data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressedto AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS C6 Committee on Friction Weldingand the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guest
22、s are invited toattend all meetings of the AWS C6 Committee on Friction Welding to express their comments verbally. Procedures forappeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the TechnicalActivities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtai
23、ned from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeuneRoad, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS C6.2/C6.2M:2006vAWS C6.2/C6.2M:2006Personnel*AdvisorAWS C6 Committee on Friction WeldingT. J. Lienert, Chair Los Alamos National LaboratoryT. Stotler, Vice Chair EWIS. Morales, Secreta
24、ry American Welding SocietyD. C. Adams Manufacturing Technology, IncorporatedC.W. Carrier General Electric CompanyJ. J. Donohue American Friction Welding, IncorporatedJ. W. Fischer American Friction Welding, Incorporated*J. R. Huber A R D Industries LimitedG. A. Knorovsky Sandia National Laboratorie
25、sD. L. Kuruzar Manufacturing Technology, IncorporatedJ. Price Thompson Friction WeldingH. W. Seeds American Axle and ManufacturingA. S. Wadleigh Interface WeldingD. J. Walsh Walsh Friction Welding, IncorporatedR. R. Xu Rolls-Royce CorporationThis page is intentionally blank.viAWS C6.2/C6.2M:2006viiA
26、WS C6.2/C6.2M:2006ForewordThis foreword is not a part of AWS C6.2/C6.2M:2006, Specification for FrictionWelding of Metals, but is included for informational purposes only.This Specification for Friction Welding is the second publication of the AWS C6 Committee on Friction Welding. Thecommittee was f
27、ormed to recognize, codify, develop, and advance the process of friction welding.The committees first publication, ANSI/AWS C6.1-89, Recommended Practices for Friction Welding, was completedand published in 1989. It was the culmination of a monumental task: assembling and reducing into a concise for
28、m thetechnology and history of friction welding.It was recognized at that time that a second document, a specification, would be required. A task force from within theAWS C6 Committee was formed to prepare a specification for approval.The purpose of this specification is to help ensure that the weld
29、s resulting from the use of the process meet the servicerequirements for which they are intended.This document clearly and accurately describes the essential technical requirements for a friction weld. It specifies thequalification of procedures, methods, and equipment necessary to meet its technica
30、l requirements and safe use. Thisspecification is intended to be used when referenced by other specifications or contract documents.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,AWS C6 Committee on Friction Welding, American Welding S
31、ociety, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society. A formal reply will beissued after it h
32、as been reviewed by the appropriate personnel following established procedures.This page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS C6.2/C6.2M:2006ixAWS C6.2/C6.2M:2006Table of ContentsPage No.PersonnelvForeword viiList of Tables xList of Forms.x1. Scope.12. Normative References .13. Terms and Definitions.14. P
33、rocess Description .35. General Requirements 35.1 Overview35.2 Equipment Requirements.45.3 Material Requirements.45.4 Weld Joint Design46. Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Qualification.46.1 WPS Qualification Requirement .46.2 Allowable Parts for WPS Qualification Purposes .46.3 Examination of
34、Parts Welded to Qualify a WPS.46.4 Circumstances Mandating Requalification46.5 Machine-Specific Nature of a WPS.56.6 Requalification Procedure Requirements 57. Welding Operator Qualification57.1 Overview57.2 Safety .57.3 Operator Qualification Requirements57.4 Operator Requalification Requirements 5
35、8. Quality Assurance .58.1 Overview58.2 Categories 58.3 WPS Qualification-Acceptance Criteria68.4 Production Quality Assurance .6Annex A (Informative)Safe Practices 7Annex B (Informative)Bibliography 11Annex C (Informative)Sample Forms13Annex D (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparation of Technica
36、l Inquiries 19List of AWS Documents on Friction Welding.21xAWS C6.2/C6.2M:2006List of TablesTable Page No.1 Production Quality-Assurance Categories.5List of FormsForm Page No.C1 Weld Procedure Specification (WPS) Example for Direct-Drive Friction Welding.14C2 Weld Procedure Specification (WPS) Examp
37、le for Inertia Friction Welding.15C3 Weld Procedure Specification (WPS) Example for Friction Stir Welding .16C4 Weld Procedure Specification (WPS) Example for Production Sampling171AWS C6.2/C6.2M:20061. ScopeThis document specifies the requirements for the manu-facture and quality assurance of frict
38、ion weldments. Italso contains requirements for the qualification of weld-ing machines, welding procedures, and welding opera-tors. This specification is directly applicable to inertia,direct-drive, and friction stir variants of friction welding,but may also be used with orbital, angular reciprocati
39、ng,and linear reciprocating variants.This standard makes use of both the U.S. CustomaryUnits and the International System of Units (SI). Thelatter is shown within brackets or in appropriate columnsin tables and figures. The measurements may not beexact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be us
40、edindependently.Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond thescope of this standard, and therefore not fully addressedherein. Safety and health information is available fromother sources, including, but not limited to, ANSI Z49.1,Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes1andapplicable
41、federal and state regulations.2. Normative ReferencesThe following normative (mandatory) references containprovisions which, through reference in this text, consti-tute provisions of this AWS standard. For dated refer-ences, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any ofthese publications do not
42、apply. However, parties toagreements based on this AWS standard are encouragedto investigate the possibility of applying the most recenteditions of the documents shown below. For undatedreferences, the latest edition of the standard referred toapplies.1ANSI Z49.1 is published by the American Welding
43、 Society,550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.AWS Documents:21. AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing,and Nondestructive Examination;2. AWS A3.0,Standard Welding Terms and Definitions;3. AWS B1.10, Guide for the Nondestructive Exami-nation of Welds;4. AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding
44、Procedureand Performance Qualification;5. AWS B4.0 and/or B4.0M, Standard Methods forMechanical Testing of Welds;6. AWS C6.1, Recommended Practices for FrictionWelding;Other Documents:7. ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, andAllied Processes.3. Terms and DefinitionsThe following includes fricti
45、on welding terms not listedin AWS A3.0, Standard Terms and Definitions. Standardterms found in AWS A3.0 are listed in italics. Lightfaceindicates nonstandard terms. For the purpose of this doc-ument, the following terms and definitions apply:angular reciprocating friction welding. A variation ofthe
46、friction welding process in which the relativemotion between the faying surfaces describes an arcof less than 180 and reverses direction repeatedlyduring the friction phase.braking delay. The period of time between the cessationof the drive producing relative motion of the work-pieces, and the start
47、 of external braking.braking phase. That portion of the welding cycle duringwhich the external brake is applied.2AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society,550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.Specification forFriction Welding of MetalsAWS C6.2/C6.2M:20062braking rate. The reducti
48、on in speed vs. time during thebraking phase.braking time. The duration of the braking phase.continuous-drive friction welding. See direct-drivefriction welding.cooling dwell. The time from the cessation of relativemotion until the forge force is released, during whichtime the weld cools.direct-driv
49、e friction welding. A variation of frictionwelding in which the energy required to make theweld is supplied to the welding machine through adirect motor connection for a preset period of thewelding cycle.dwell after plunge. The time between when the frictionstir welding (FSW) tool has reached its final positionand the initiation of the next processing step (typi-cally the travel sequence).dwell at end of travel. The time between the end of thetravel sequence and the beginning of the next process-ing step (typically FSW tool removal).engineer. The person responsible for all aspects offr
