1、BS EN 16873:2016Conservation of culturalheritage Guidelines for themanagement of waterloggedwood on archaeologicalterrestrial sitesBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN 16873:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implem
2、entation of EN 16873:2016.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/560, Conservation of tangible cultural heritage.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all th
3、e necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 89964 5ICS 79.040; 97.195Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British St
4、andard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2016.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16873:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16873 November 2016 ICS 97.195; 79.040 English Version Conservation of
5、cultural heritage - Guidelines for the management of waterlogged wood on archaeological terrestrial sites Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Lignes directrices pour la gestion du bois gorg deau sur les sites terrestres prsentant un intrt archologique Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Leitlinien f
6、r die Handhabung von Nassholz an terrestrischen archologischen Sttten This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 September 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national s
7、tandard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version i
8、n any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
9、Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EURO
10、PEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16873:2016 EBS E
11、N 16873:2016EN 16873:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions . 5 4 Guidelines for management of waterlogged archaeological wood . 7 4.1 Introduction 7 4.2 Pre excavation project planning 8 4.3 Management and protection
12、on site during excavation . 8 4.3.1 General 8 4.3.2 Revealing 8 4.3.3 Labelling . 9 4.3.4 Cleaning 9 4.3.5 Recording and documentation . 9 4.4 Lifting. 9 4.4.1 General 9 4.4.2 Lifting small finds 9 4.4.3 Lifting large and heavy finds 10 4.5 Management of the finds after lifting 10 4.5.1 General . 10
13、 4.5.2 Packaging for handling and transport 10 4.6 Transport 10 Bibliography . 12 BS EN 16873:2016EN 16873:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 16873:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346 “Conservation of Cultural Heritage”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This
14、 European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elemen
15、ts of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard:
16、Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, S
17、weden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16873:2016EN 16873:2016 (E) 4 Introduction The successful management of archaeological wood finds from waterlogged sites starts in the planning phase of any excavation. From the moment of exposure, waterlogged wood finds are extremely vulnerab
18、le to a range of man-made and natural threats. There is a real risk of losing the artefact if it is not handled and conserved properly. To minimize these threats and prevent damage, several actions shall be taken in the field which shall include proper management of the site and handling of the find
19、s. These activities should be carried out by professionals, specifically qualified in the management and handling of waterlogged archaeological wood. BS EN 16873:2016EN 16873:2016 (E) 5 1 Scope This European standard provides guidelines for safeguarding waterlogged wood on terrestrial sites of archa
20、eological or historical significance. It deals with the protection of archaeological and historical waterlogged wood, from the time of exposure during and after excavation, until it reaches the conservation laboratory. The standard cannot be applied to the management of controlled reburial, in situ
21、preservation, long term post excavation storage or excavations under water. Composite artefacts, and other waterlogged materials are specifically excluded from this standard. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indi
22、spensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Not applicable. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definition
23、s apply. 3.1 deposition archive formal handing over of the entire excavation record, including the conserved artefacts, to a museum or other receiving institution 3.2 block-lifting removal of a fragile find by lifting from the ground with surrounding burial matrix, with or without extra support, lim
24、iting the risk of damage 3.3 burial matrix soil, peat, sediment or other medium found in direct contact with an artefact 3.4 cleaning removal of unwanted material from an object Note 1 to entry the criteria for something being “unwanted” always have to be stated, e.g. potentially damaging, obscuring
25、 detail, un-aesthetic SOURCE: EN 15898:2011, definition 3.5.3 3.5 condition physical state of an object at a particular time SOURCE: EN 15898:2011, definition 3.2.1, modified, Note 1 to entry deleted 3.6 conservation active remedial treatment of waterlogged wooden finds designed to prevent further d
26、eterioration or degradation and bring them into a stabilized condition for research, archiving or museum display BS EN 16873:2016EN 16873:2016 (E) 6 3.7 controlled reburial systematic redeposition of finds at the original excavation site or another appropriate location for the purposes of their long
27、 term preservation 3.8 cushioning provision of soft but stable packing or padding material beneath and around fragile artefacts to provide protection, support and shock absorption, so as to mitigate the risk of damage during lifting, handling and moving 3.9 degradation result of the process of wood
28、deterioration through physical, chemical and biological factors 3.10 discarding disposal of wood material through the considered application of a selection and retention policy 3.11 in-situ preservation maintaining finds in their original context whilst monitoring and controlling factors influencing
29、 degradation in the burial matrix 3.12 labelling process of fastening a label or tag carrying a unique identification number or code onto the artefact and/or its packaging 3.13 lifting removal of an artefact from its buried position in the ground Note 1 to entry: Lifting techniques aim to support an
30、d protect the wood surface and overall structure. 3.14 maintenance periodic preventive conservation actions aimed at sustaining an object in an appropriate condition to retain its significance SOURCE: EN 15898:2011, definition 3.4.1, modified, examples deleted 3.15 post excavation storage long term
31、maintenance off-site before commencement of further recording, analysis and conservation treatment 3.16 preservation by record data generated from a process of documentation will become the only evidence of a find after it has been discarded BS EN 16873:2016EN 16873:2016 (E) 7 3.17 recording systema
32、tic documentation of the artefacts original position, context, dimensions, appearance, structure and other features, using a range of techniques 3.18 revealing removal of burial matrix covering the find or artefact during excavation 3.19 sampling process of removing a sample SOURCE: EN 16085:2012, d
33、efinition 3.3 3.20 temporary storage maintenance of finds on site after excavation until transport or other decisions relating the future of the finds are made 3.21 waterlogged site wet or water saturated burial environment 3.22 waterlogged wood wood whose internal structure has been completely fill
34、ed with water through long term burial in a water saturated environment 3.23 wood conversion evidence for wood processing and wood working 4 Guidelines for management of waterlogged archaeological wood 4.1 Introduction Waterlogged wood remains, bearing signs of human working, are usually referred to
35、 as artefacts. Unworked archeobotanical wood finds may also be part of the assemblage recovered. Artefacts and archeobotanical finds bear witness to past societies and cultures, and have an archaeological value and significance for which they are either preserved by record or through conservation tr
36、eatment, to form part of a permanent archive for research and dissemination. Many different types of terrestrial waterlogged environments are likely to contain archaeological wood. Most usually encountered are bogs and wetlands, palo river channels, urban waterlogged deposits, and dry occupation sit
37、es containing pits and wells that penetrate beneath the water table and contain waterlogged organic artefacts. The types of find encountered on such sites can vary between individual small artefacts to large complex structures such as prehistoric track ways or platforms built of a large number of wo
38、od elements, logboats and ship remains, building foundations, domestic assemblages and manufacturing waste. The state of degradation of wood is variable and the visual appearance and integrity of the wood is often misleading. BS EN 16873:2016EN 16873:2016 (E) 8 All activities should be carried out b
39、y personnel trained and experienced in the management and handling of waterlogged archaeological wood. 4.2 Pre excavation project planning When a desk-top or field survey indicates waterlogging on the site of a proposed excavation, it should be assumed that finds of archaeological wood are likely. S
40、uch excavations shall be planned to include the extra resources that the discovery of waterlogged wood will demand. Specialist competencies will be required such as wood recording, analysis and dating, and experience in techniques for recovery, and conservation. The Project Design and programme of w
41、ork shall be developed by specialists in the relevant disciplines, including archaeologists, conservators, and stakeholders. A time frame for the project stages should be established. In the planning process the following issues shall be addressed and outcomes documented: 1) the selection and retent
42、ion strategy for the wooden finds after recovery (e.g. in situ preservation, controlled reburial, discarding or conservation) and final archive deposition; 2) an assessment of the condition of the wood considering the large variability in wood degradation; 3) length of time finds are to remain on-si
43、te before being transported to the conservation facility; 4) facilities, equipment and materials required for wood recovery and processing on site; 5) strategies for dealing with unexpected volumes in terms of quantity and size of finds; 6) identification of institutions and laboratories with the ne
44、cessary facilities, skills and competencies to provide input on-site and post-excavation; 7) arrangements for research, publication and display of the finds, including public outreach; 8) identification of necessary finances, and of potential sources for emergency funding; 9) health and Safety issue
45、s shall be considered. 4.3 Management and protection on site during excavation 4.3.1 General It is essential that during excavation on land sites the finds are kept constantly wet and protected against the damaging effects of climate, especially the drying effects of sunlight and wind. Precautions s
46、hould also be taken against accidental physical damage. Finds shall be kept wet and covered overnight, and for all other periods when the site is not being worked on. Exposure of waterlogged finds for recording or viewing should be kept to a minimum. 4.3.2 Revealing Revealing a find on site should b
47、e carried out by qualified personnel. The use of metal trowels and other tools with sharp edges cause damage to finds and their use shall be kept to a minimum. Special care shall be taken while uncovering the outer degraded layers, including preserved bark, which may need special protection. Heavily
48、 degraded and fragmented finds should be supported by leaving the surrounding soil matrix in place. This will help to ensure that archaeological information and any associated materials are retained, and to assist in the removal of the artefact using a technique such as block-lifting. BS EN 16873:20
49、16EN 16873:2016 (E) 9 4.3.3 Labelling Every artefact should have a unique and individual identification code or number indelibly written on a durable material and securely fastened to the artefact and its packaging. As the finds will pass through many stages during and after excavation, each find, including any separate parts, shall be labelled on site. Labelling may also be employed to record the orientation of individual timbers in a complex wood structure to assist later re-assembly. Where such a system is used, label positions should be recorded on site
