1、CIE 31 76 9006345 OOOL3bL 842 I COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION GLARE AND UNIFORMITY IN ROAD LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS PUBLICATION CIE No 31 (TC-4.6) 1976 Photocopy Edition 1990 CENTRAL BUREAU OF THE CIE A - 1030 VIEN
2、NA, Kegelgasse 27 - AUSTRIA CIE 31 76 9006145 0003362 789 I -:1 - C.I.E. TECHNICAL COMITTEE REPORT NME PFELIMINAIFE Ce rapport a t prpar par le Comit Technique “Ecleirage des voles publiques“. I1 a reu lapprobation unanime du Comit, et il est recommand pour tude et appication. CIE 4.6 Ce rapport nes
3、t pas une Recommandation officielle de la CIE approuve par les Comit Nationaux des Pays Membres. I1 doit tre not que toute recommandation y figurant est donne h titre de conseil et non dobigation. PRELIMINARY REMARK This report has been prepared by CIE Technical Cominittee 4.6 “Road Lighting“. It ha
4、s been approved unanimously by the Canmittee and is recommended for study and application. This report is not an Officially Agreed CIE Recommendation approved by the National Cornittees of the Member Countries, It should be noted that any recommendations in this report are advisory and not mandatory
5、, VORBEMS RK UNS Dieser Bericht wurde vom Technischen CIE-Komitee 4.6 “Strassen- be leu ch tung“ ausgearbeitet. Er wurde une ng e s chrnk t vom Komi tee angenommen und wid zum zuknftigen Studium empfohlen, Er ist keine Offiziell Anerkannte CIE-Empfehlung, die von den Nationalen Komitees der Mitglied
6、slnder anerkannt wurde. Es muss darauf hin- geniesen werden, dass alle Empfehlungen dieses Berichts nur als Anef tung dienen und nicht verbindlich sind. Previous page is blank -4- COMPOSITIOTJ OF TC-4.6 M?j%BEXS: J.B. de Boer Chairman J. Funke Secretary F. Behal E.-H. B jbrset M. Bonomo B. Brakalov
7、M.J.P. Dempster J.T. Duff W.H. Edman A.J. Ficher E. Frederiksen L. Gaymard P. Gergely M.A. Gudjohnsen O. Hinojosa E. Kasurinen A. Ketvirtis W. Felhorski D. Murgaski K; Narisada M.A. Ostrovsky A. Pereira Marques H. Prochaeka W. Riemenschneider A. Romero de Tejada M. Sand P. Sandgren F, Sarteel K. Sto
8、lzenberg C ONSULTBNTS W. Adrian A.M. Marsden D.A, Schreuder K. Sbrensen J. Vermeulen B.O. Westermann Netherlands Netherlands Caecho-Slovakia Norway Italy Bulgaria South Africa Great Britain U.S.A. Australia Denmark France Bum3rY Iceland Chile Finland Canada Poland Jugoslava Japan U.S.S.R. Portugal A
9、us tria Switzerland Spain Israel Sweden Belgium GeLlIlany Germany Great Britain Netherlands Denmark Netherlands Netherlands CIE 33 7b 9006345 O003364 553 Glare in road lighting is distinguished in discomfort and disability glare. Discomfort glare is quantitatively described by a Glare Control Mark w
10、hich can be calculated from the photometric and geawtric quantities of a lighting installation. The evaluation of disability glare the increment in the threshold of detection of the lminance difference between a relevant object and the road surface. is based upon the Holleday formula and expressed b
11、y calculating The uniformity of the road surface luminance is characterized by the overall unifonni ty and the longitudinal uniformity, Le prsent rapport fournit les informations sur les mthodes pour calculer lblouissement public. et luniformit de luminance en clairage Le premier chapitre est consac
12、r 3 lblouissement. I1 dfinit les deux types dblouissement (inconfort et incapacit) et donne des abaques pour mesurer ou valuer ces deux types dblouissement partir des caractristiques ltnnineuses des luminaires et des caractristiques gmetriquec de limplantation. Le second chapitre traite de luniformi
13、t de luminance et fait la synthse des travaux connus ce jour. Limit pour linstant aux cas des chausses sches, cerapport justifie et conseille de lemploi de luni- formit gnrale et de luniformit longitudinale. Si ce rapport donne les mthodes pour calculer diffrents critGres, il ne prcise pas les valeu
14、rs limites qui doivent tre utilises cme crith de qualit. Pour cela, il faut se rfrer au docment CIE No. 12/2 (C.T. 4.6 , 1975). CIE 31 76 lH 9006345 0001365 498 m -6- Bei der Blendung durch Straenbelevchtungsanlsgen drd zwischen psycho1 og i scher und phy s i 01 og i 6 ch er B lend em p f i ndu ng u
15、nters chi eden . Die Blendbegrenzungszahl f6r psychologische Blendung wird aus den photometrischen und geometrischen Daten der Anlage bestimmt. Die Blendbegrenzungszahl Er physiologische Blendung beruht auf der Holladay-Formel und ergibt sich rechnerisch aus der Schewellenuertexhhung fr die Wahrnehm
16、ung des Leuchtdichteunterschiedes zwischen einem relevanten Sehobjekt und der Fahrbahn. Die rtliche Gleichmzigkeit der Fahrbahnleuchtdichte wfrd durch die Gesamtgleichmigkeit und die Lngsgleichmfiigkeit gekennzeichnet. CIE 33 76 9006345 0003366 324 I -7- TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION Pages 9 2.
17、METHODS FOR QUANTIFYINS GLARE IN ROAD LIGHTIK INSTALLATIONS 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Discomfort Glare 2.3. Disability Glare 3. UNIFORMIN IN ROAD LIGHTIM; 3.1. The problem 3.2. Investigations about uniformity 3.3. Earlier proposals for definition of uniformity 3.4. Basis for recommendations 3.4.1. Over
18、all uniformity 3.4 -2. Longi tudina 1 uni f onni ty 3.4.3. Tranverse uniformity 3.4.4. Uniformity on wet road surfaces 9 9 9 13 16 16 16 17 18 18 18 18 19 REFERENCES 25 -!)- 1. INTROUUcTI ON The present report provides background information on glare and non- uniformity in road lighting installation
19、s and presents the methods for calculation to be applied for determining the degree of glare and non- uniformity in compliance with Document CIE 12/2 (TG4.6), 1975. The pre- sent Report does not contain recommendations as to the restriction of glare and non-uniformity in an absolute sense. In this r
20、espect reference should be made to Document CIE 12/2 (TC-4.6), 1975. 2. METHODS FOR QOANTIFYING GLARE IN ROAD LIGHTINC INSTALLATIONS 2.1 . Introduction Ii is generally accepted that both discomfort glare and disability glare should be restricted in fixed road lighting installations. Since a function
21、al connection between the two kinds of glare is not at present known the two types of glare are most conveniently treated separately. The fundamentals as well as a survey of the essential research work carried out so far have been provided by Adrian (1974). In this report methods are given for their
22、 quantification. it should be noted that these methods are restricted to quantification only, and that they do not give an assessaent of the levels of glare that may be tolerated in road lighting installations. CIE Document No12/2 (TG4.6). 1975 contains recommendations as to the acceptable degree of
23、 glare in road lighting installations. when deter+ mined in accordance with the methods given in this Technical Report. 2.2. Discomfort qlare The method far the quantification of discanfort glare is primarily based on the experimental work carried out by De Boer and Heemskerck Veeckens 1955, De Boer
24、 and Schreuder 1967, Adrian and Eberbach 1965, Adrian and Eberbach 1967, Adrian and Schreuder 1970 and 1971 and Adrian 1975 . Therein which expresses on an ordinal scale the subjective appraisal of the degree of discanfort experienced, Wordings have been used io describe the degree of The value of G
25、 associated to different sensations was as folleus t the discomfort from glare is described by a Glare Control Mark glare corresponding to the values of this onlinal scale. G = 1 unbearable glare“ G = 3 “disturbing glare“ G = 5 “just admissible glare. G = 7 “satisfactory glare“ C - 9 “unnoticeable g
26、lare“. CIE 33 76 9006345 0003368 IT7 I The wordingdo not purport to indicate an absolute level of glre to be recommended. They have nevertheless been listed here as they have been used in the experiments. It should furthennore be noted that values G9 have no practical meaning, The subjective apprais
27、al of the glare, and thus the associated value of the Glare Control Mark is found to be dependent upon the following photometric and geometric quantities of the liohting installations t Ig8 - the luminous intensities of the lanterns emitted in di- 430, rections making an the downwnrd vertical (Iso a
28、nd IB8 in cd). IBO is the value of the luminous intensity emitted under an angle of 80 with the downward vertical in the meridion plane parallel with the roads axis (the Co-plane according to CIE publication No 27 (TG2.4), 1973. IB8 has to be deter mined in the same meridian plcne. angle of 80 and 8
29、0 respectively to In cases of strong toe-in of the light distribution, the Glare Control Mark determined on the basis of these luminous in- tensities might be higher than the value corresponding to the actual degree of glare. In curves or in cases of very complicated geometries or of more than two r
30、ows of lanterns the luminous intensities have to be determined in meridion planes through the road users eyes. For the exzct calculation of G in these cases reference should be made to Adrian and Entmann 1971. As to the limits of applicability of the luminous intensity values in the meridian plane p
31、arallel with the road axis in calculating the glare control mark for non-straight road sections and/ or complicated lantern srrangements reference should be made to the Technical Report, Publication CIE No 30 , (TC-4.6), 1976 entitled “Calculation and Measurement of Luminance and Illuminance in Road
32、 Lighting ; Computer Program for Luminance, Illuminance and G 1 a re“. h - the reduced mounting height expressed in m. of the lantern above the level ai the observers eye I h = h - 1.5 when h equals the mounting height of the lantern in m. - the flashed area (in ) of the lantern projected in the dir
33、ection of 76“ with the downward vertical in the road axis parallel meridian plane. 2 F -11- In the case of multiple lanterns mounted closely together on one mast and illuminating the same carriageway the effective luminous area can be approximated by an addition of the visible areas of the single la
34、nterns (Eberbach, 7974). In that case the arrangement of single lanterns has to be considered as one lantern with IBO and IB8 followinf out of the resulting distribution and the total flux installed. - L P 2 - the average road surface luminance in cd/m - the number of lanterns or multiple lanterns p
35、er kilometre of road length. It should be noticed that C is not significantly affected by the uniformity of the road surface luminance as long as it is in the order of the recommended values. It was not found to be dependent upon the road width, neither whether the lanterns have been arranged in a s
36、ingle-sided, opposite staggered, or. twin-bracket arrangement. Difficulties may arise in determining the flashed area in cases of very nowuniform luminance distributions over the luminous area. It has been found (Eberbach, 1974) #at those parts of the area observed at the angle of 76O to the downwar
37、d vertical showing less than 1/100 of the maximum luminance in this direction can be neglected. There is another approach, e.q. when the maximum luminous intensity can only be detennined with difficulty to find F with reasonable accuracy. A rectangular occluder larger than the dimensions of the lant
38、ern is to be moved into the flashed lumi- nous rea from each of the fow sides until the intensity I,6 each time drops to 0.98 of its value. The remaining area obtained by this procedum is in fair agreement with that found by photometric evaluation as described be fore. 1.1 roads where the surroundin
39、gs (house fronts etc.) have a lminance of the same order as that of the road surface, L is sufficient also to determine GO In cases, however, where show windows, advertisements etc. are present, the state of adaption of the dri-vers eye is different, and G is not directly dependent upon c. At the pr
40、esent time no quantitative data are available in this respect. - The research indicated above can be described by the following empirical relationship (see ref. 4) The relationship between G and the subjective appraisal of glare is based on laboratory experiments involving a great number of expe- ri
41、nental installations, and is validated to a reasonable degree in a great number of practical, full scale street lighting installations. There is a small but significant influence of the colour of the light on the value of G* (De Boer and Schreuder 1967, Adrian and Schreuder, 1971). For simplicity re
42、asons this influence has been neglected here. Because all factors in this relationship either are known from the scheme of the installation, or can be calculated beforehand, the Glare Control Mark G can be assessed already in the design stage of the in- stallat ion, The relationship is applicable fo
43、r installations longer than 300 rn with the following range of the variables in the formula : 50 IBO 7000 (cd) ; I I8 7.10 -3 F 4-10- (rn 0,3 L,(7 (cd/m2)r 5 20p 100 2 i When one or more of the variables fall outside these ranges, the results must be considered with reservations. As already mentione
44、d in this section the formula for G is, furthermore. strictly applicable to straight road sections with usual regular lantern arrangements only. For further details in this respect references should be made to the Technical Report of Publication CIE No (TC-4.6). 1975. The actual assessment of G base
45、d on the fornula quoted above may be performed in two distinct ways. As the basic fonnula is the same in each case, the two methods yield identical results within the limits of reading off graphs etc. a) The first method is obviously the direct application of the fonnula quoted above. Calculation by
46、 hand may be somewhat tedious, but the formula can be easily programmed for a computer or individual terns can be read from tables. b) The formula is expressed as a diagram (figure 1) which penits a simple, fast graphical solution. The inaccuracy, mainly resulting fran drawing the lines is relativel
47、y small. The advantages of the method are threefold t * The formula is valid within i 0,l for all light sources conimonly in use, except for low pressure sodfurn lamps, where it seems justifiable to add to G as calculated the correction + 0,4 (ref. 1.2) 900b145 OOOL37L 791 CIE 31 76 1. neither coaip
48、uter nor advanced calculating techniques are needed. 2. some indication regarding the functional interrelationships between the relevant variables are directly displayed and 3. the graph Lndicates directly the limit of the applicability of the formula. A number of parameters related to the lanterns
49、can be like IBO, Ig8 and F. These three parameters are specific to a lantern. Their combination lead to the specific lantern index SLI which facilitates the computation of the glare control mark G. SLI comprises the under- lined part of the equation (in dashed lines) and is indicated as a scale in the central part of the diagram fig. 1. By use of SLI the glare control mark G can be obtained by the following expression t brought together G = SLI + 0,97 log + 4,41 log h - 1,46 log p It fol
