1、Z762-95(reaffirmed 2011)Design for the environment (DFE)General Instruction No. 1Z762-95October 1995Title: Design for the environment (DFE)Pagination: 73 pages (x preliminary and 63 text), each dated October 1995To register for e-mail notification about any updates to this publicationgo to www.ShopC
2、SA.caclick on E-mail Services under MY ACCOUNTclick on CSA Standards Update ServiceThe List ID that you will need to register for updates to this publication is 2005347.If you require assistance, please e-mail techsupportcsa.ca or call 416-747-2233.Visit CSAs policy on privacy at www.csagroup.org/le
3、gal to find out how we protect your personal information.2762-95 Design for the Environment (DFE) Environmen ta I Technology ISSN 03 7 7-5669 Published in October 7 995 Canadian Standards Arsociation 7 78 Rexdale Boulevard, Eto bico ke, On tario, Canada M9W IR3 bY Technical Editor: Ahmad Husseini Ma
4、naging Editor: Gary Burford Senior Project Editor; Ann Martin Publishing System Operators; 0 Canadian Standards Association - 7994 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publi
5、sher. Ursula Das/Grace DeStefano Design for the Environment (DFf) Con tents Technical Committee on Design for the Environment Preface ix v 0. tntroduction 7 1. Scope 2 1.1 Objectives 2 1.2 Intended Users 3 1.3 Limitations 3 2. Definitions and Reference Publications 4 2.1 Definitions 4 2.2 Reference
6、Publications 6 3. DFE Conceptual Framework 6 3.1 General 6 3.2 DFE Core Principles/Key Considerations 6 3.3 Role of Life Cycle Assessment 8 3.3.1 Definition 8 3.3.2 Life Cycle Stages 9 3.3.3 Limitations 9 3.4 DFE Framework and Process 7 7 3.4.1 General 7 7 3.4.2 Initial Design Objectives 72 3.4.3 De
7、sign Assessment 13 3.4.4 Design Optimization 7 6 4. DFE Life Cycle Considerations and Checklists 76 4.1 General 76 4.2 Raw Material Acquisition 76 4.2.1 Systems Boundary and Environmental Interactions 7 6 4.2.2 Design Improvement Checklists 78 4.3 Manufacturing 24 4.3.1 Systems Boundary and Environm
8、ental Interactions 24 4.4 Use/ ReuselMai n tenance 30 4.4.1 Systems Boundary and Environmenta 4.5 Waste Management 37 4.5.1 Systems Boundary and Environmenta 4.5.2 Disposal Options 37 4.5.3 Recycling Considerations 38 4.5.4 Pyrolysis Considerations 38 4.5.5 Refuse (Waste) Derived Fuel 38 4.5.6 Cornp
9、osting Considerations 38 4.5.7 Land Treatment Considerations 38 Interactions 30 Interactions 37 4.5.8 Land Reclamation Considerations 38 4.5.9 Landfill Considerations 39 October 7 995 2762- 95 4.5.1 0 Animal Feed Considerations 39 4.5.1 1 Incineration Considerations 39 5. Assessment 46 5.1 General 4
10、6 5.2 Spectrum of Complexity in Assessment 48 5.3 Integration 50 Appendices A - Evaluating Alternatives: Weighting Methods 6 - Contacts for General Environmental lnformation C - Bibliography 60 52 58 iV October 7 995 Design for the Environment (DFE) Technical Committee on Desim for the Environment D
11、. Amos F.J. Consolf B. Allen K. Allen V.A. Arlganello T. Armstrong J.M. Balrd N. Ball W. Bannister G.E. BeIlen R. Bickerdlke J. Booth A. Bortolus B. Bryans Magna International Inc., M ark ham, 0 n ta rio Scott Paper Co., P h i I ad el p h i a, Pen nsy lva n i a, USA Sunbeam Corporation (Canada) Limi
12、ted, Toronto, Ontario Canadian Electronic and Appliance Service Association, Don Mills, Ontario Metro Toronto Works Department, Toronto, Ontario Xerox Canada Incorporated, North York, Ontario Pitney Bowes of Canada Limited, Pic ke ri n g , Ontario University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario Toronto Tr
13、ansit Commission, Toronto, Ontario National Sanitation Foundation, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Belt Canada, Montrkal, Qu6bec Lawson Mardon Packaging, Weston, Ontario Camco Inc., M i ssi ssa u g a, 0 n t a r i o IBM Canada Limited, Markham, Ontario Chair Vice- Chair Associate October 7 995 V 2762 - 95 D
14、. Buchanan F. Chorley S. Clarke D.H. Croome M.A. Curran J, Dransfield H. Ebert F.H. Edgecombe J, Fava M. Fisher B. Coldsmtth T.A. Corharn E. Crzesik R.J. Hilton B. Histed J.R. Howse Rye rso n Po I ytec h n ic U n ive rs i ty, To ro n t 0, 0 n t a r i o Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Ins
15、titute of Canada, Mississa ug a, 0 n ta rio York University, North York, Ontario Mississauga, Ontario E nvi ro n men ta I Protect i o n Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA M RCO, Oakville, Ontario I nteg ra m-Windsor Seating, Tecumseh, Ontario Society of the Plastics Industry of Canada, Don Mills, Ontario
16、 Roy Weston Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA American Plastics Council, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Concord ia U n iversi ty, Montreal, Qugbec Kodak Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Energy, Toronto, Ontario lnco Limited, Toronto, 0 n tario Dow Chemical Can
17、ada Inc., Sarnia, Ontario 3M Canada Inc., London, Ontario Associate Associu te Vi October 7995 Design for the Environment (DE) H. Howson A. lgnatow K. Irrcher D.C. Koch J.P. Kusz G. MacLeod M. Marks B. Martel G. McCary L. Morris A. Murphy 3. Peterson P.I. Pinchis J. Pollack S.D. Pomper C. Richard En
18、vironmental 1 nd ustrial Consulting, Millbrook, Ontario International Council on Metals and the Environment, Ottawa, Ontario Mag na International Incorporated, Markham, Ontario Proctor and Gamble Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Safety-Kleen Corporation, Elgin, Illinois, USA Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontar
19、io Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Camco Inc., Montdal, Quebec Ministry of Industry, Trade and Technology, Toronto, Ontario Fa Icon bridge/ Icm e, Toronto, Ontario Canadian Appliance Manufacturers Association (CAMA), Rexdale, Ontario ICI Paints (Canada) Inc., Concord, Ontario Ministry of
20、Government Services, Toronto, Ontario Environ men t Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Alcan Aluminum Limited, Montrdl, Qubec CN Rail, Montr6a1, Qu6bec Associate Associate October 7 995 vii 2762- 95 S. Roger W. Shapiro M.J. Smith M. Theoret K. Tlce L. Varanau F. Vaz R. Watkins F.R. Wiesegger 5. Young A. Hussel
21、nf Black (b) provide an explanation of circumstances surrounding the actual field condition; and (c) be phrased where possible to permit a specific “yes” or “no, answer. interpretations are published in CSAk periodical Info Update. for subscription details, write to CSA Sales Promotion, Info Update,
22、 at the address given above. October 7 995 2762-95 X October 7 9 95 Design for the Environment (DEE) 2762-95 DesZgn for the Environment (DFE) 0. Introduction The choices that designers make during the development of a new or improved product will have an influence on the environmental impacts during
23、 each stage of the products life cycle - from acquiring materials to manufacturing, use, reuse, and ultimately to the products final disposal. Each product, process, and service affects the environment at all stages of its life cycle. Its loadings on the environment may originate as emissions to the
24、 air or as liquid or solid waste discharged to the soil or water. processes, and materials are under close examination by consumers, environmental activists, manufacturers, businesses, and regulators. Guidelines for the environmental design of packaging have been developed under government initiativ
25、es, and are instrumental in the creation of new, more efficient designs that use less material and are easier to reuse or recycle. It is recognized that sustainable economic growth provides the conditions in which protection of the environment is balanced with other human needs and goals. The task o
26、f making products more environmentally acceptable introduces some challenges for designers. Traditional considerations such as product performance, manufacturing costs, and product liability have to be balanced with environmental objectives such as minimizing resource depletion, increasing energy ef
27、ficiency and recyclability, and the management of risks associated with hazardous or harmful environmental releases. Failure to be environmentally responsible may result in a loss of natural resources and decreased biodiversity, degradation of water and air quality, and loss of reusable and recyclab
28、le materials. The design professional may help to overcome these failures, and indeed has a greater opportunity than many others to change things for the better. Designers may evaluate the environmental performance of their products and propose genuine solutions to environmental concerns, or they ma
29、y help synthesize the improvements that now include environmental concerns among all the other design objectives. The practice of formally carrying out this design improvement process is called Design for the Environment (DFE). DFE integrates environmental criteria with the usual design drivers of p
30、erformance, cost, quality, cultural, legal, and technical criteria. DFE includes environmental considerations at the outset in defining the task and specification for products. Figure 1 conceptually shows the relationship between the life cycle of a product and the design process that recognizes its
31、 influence on each stage of the life cycle and its environmental inputs and outputs. reducing the environmental impacts generated by the raw material acquisition, manufacturing, use, and disposal of a product. DFE identifies and evaluates those environmental interactions with pragmatic checklists wh
32、ich serve to highlight opportunities for optimized product design. However, checklists are not the only tools to achieve DFE. Other means may be used to arrive at the same objective. Note: In this guideline: (a) the term “product” should be read to include processes, services, and activities. (b) th
33、e use of checklists does not imply completeness, and users are advised to review the aggregated effects on the whole life cycle, and not on one single stage of it, as the aggregated impacts may induce a different course of action than that perceived when reviewing a single stage. Public concern for
34、the environment has reached a critical point. Many products, manufacturing DFE uses life cycle concepts coupled with some “core considerations or principles” aimed at October 7 995 1 2762-95 IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES NEED PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE - Fundion - Performance - Quality -Safety (b) new features to
35、be incorporated in the next generation of existing products; and (c) incremental improvements or modifications to existing products. The design changes may be intended to affect any one or more stages of the life cycle of the product, and for incremental and continuous improvements leading to minimi
36、zation of environmental burdens. This Guideline may be used for 1.2 Intended Users This Guideline is for use by those who are responsible for bringing a product to market. This could include environmental professionals such as engineers, technicians, planners, etc, and specifically designers, their
37、supervisors, and their management. It is also advisable to include other personnel such as risk assessors, industrial hygienists, medical and safety personnel, and product line management in the evaluation process. The details of the evaluation will also be of interest and use to personnel in market
38、ing, legal, services, sales, and product distribution. This Guideline is applicable to large and sma II organizations, including manufacturers, co nsu I ti n g specifiers, and users. Note: Others may hove a general interest in the subject and wish to understand the processes of environmental design.
39、 Those interested in the use of the guideline are expected to include public interest groups, waste management professionals, purchasing management, government regulators, investors, shareholders, and other stakeholders. 1.3 Limitations Implementation of DFE will require compromises and trade-offs (
40、competing priorities) to make hard choices which may be constrained by factors such as technical complexity and limited information on outcomes. Also, the technical framework is itself evolving as new manufacturing practices and materials are introduced. Therefore, it should be recognized that it of
41、ten will not be possible to definitively show that one design is environmentally superior to another. In addition, gaps in information and data quality issues, together with varying interpretations of effects and consequences, may affect the assessment results and create subjective conclusions. Howe
42、ver, in the longer term, DFE will positively influence the way products are sourced, manufactured, distributed, marketed, used, and disposed of, so as to effectively improve their environmental performance. DFE is a process which helps to evaluate and provide insight on improvement opportunities for
43、 specified design options. However, DFE does not provide specific guidance on the establishment of design options. Design options are developed in response to the broader set of performance requirements and objectives. The guideline is written in generic terms and its scope of application is intenti
44、onally wide; therefore most manufacturers of products and processes will find it applicable and may gain from its use. Those providing services may also find this publication useful, particularly if a rigorous approach is used in understanding the wide-ranging impact of using any materials in provid
45、ing those services. Users of the guideline may also request their suppliers to review and rationalize their own design processes with the principles laid out. As this is part of a life cycle approach, the designer should be aware that an improvement at one stage during the life cycle of a product ma
46、y result in a negative impact at other stages of the life cycle. October 7 995 2762-95 The guideline provides annotated references to more specialized texts and publications that will be useful in providing a wider understanding of the environmental principles to be used in expanding and continuing
47、the process of establishing design for the environment. Notes: (1) There are other sources of information that are appropriate for the reduction or remediution of environmental burdens that are inherent in a given product after its design is complete, eg, waste management and the optimization of a s
48、elected manufacturing process. (2) The user of this document should be alerted us not to make assumptions about subject matter for which access to expertise is not available. 2. Definitions and Reference Publications 2.1 Definitions The following definitions apply in this guideline: Compost - a mate
49、rial that has been decomposed, through a natural, biologically mediated process, into a relatively homogeneous, stable, humus-like material composed of organic and inorganic matter, of significantly less volume than the original components. Concept - a mental model, often recorded as a sketch, of a technical system. The model includes the arrangements of major groupings in outline form. Degradable - a product is degradable if it breaks down so that the resulting materials can be easily assimilated into the environment. Biodegradation - a process of stepwise molecular breakdown that pri
