1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 1995-2:2004 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures Part 2: Bridges The European Standard EN 1995-2:2004 has the status of a British Standard ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.20; 93.040 BS EN 1995-2:2004 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and
2、Strategy Committee on 15 December 2004 BSI 15 December 2004 ISBN 0 580 40149 6 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 1995-2:2004. The structural Eurocodes are divided into packages by grouping Eurocodes for each of the main materials, concrete, steel,
3、 composite concrete and steel, timber, masonry and aluminium; which is to enable a common date of withdrawal (DOW) for all the relevant parts that are needed for a particular design. The conflicting national standards will be withdrawn at the end of the coexistence period, after all the EN Eurocodes
4、 of a package are available. Following publication of the EN, there is a period of 2 years allowed for the national calibration period during which the National Annex is issued, followed by a three year coexistence period. During the coexistence period Member States will be encouraged to adapt their
5、 national provisions to withdraw conflicting national rules before the end of the coexistent period. The Commission in consultation with Member States is expected to agree the end of the coexistence period for each package of Eurocodes. At the end of this coexistence period, the national standard(s)
6、 will be withdrawn. In this case, there are no corresponding national standards. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee B/525/5, Structural use of timber, which has the responsibility to: aid enqu
7、irers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.monitor related internatio
8、nal and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Where a normative part of this EN allows for a choice to be made at the national level, the range and possible choice will be given in th
9、e normative text, and a Note will qualify it as a Nationally Determined Parameter (NDP). NDPs can be a specific value for a factor, a specific level or class, a particular method or a particular application rule if several are proposed in the EN. To enable EN 1995-2 to be used in the UK, the NDPs wi
10、ll be published in a National Annex which will be made available by BSI in due course, after public consultation has taken place. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the sec
11、tion entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
12、Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 29 back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document wa
13、s last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 1995-2 November 2004 ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.20; 93.040 Supersedes ENV 1995-2:1997 English version Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 2: Bridges Eurocode 5: Concep
14、tion et calcul des structures bois - Partie 2: Ponts Eurocode 5: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Holzbauten - Teil 2: Brcken This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 August 2004. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for givin
15、g this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versio
16、ns (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cy
17、prus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUR
18、OPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1995-2:2004: EEN 1995-2:2004 (E) 2 Contents Foreword 3 Section 1 Gener
19、al 6 1.1 Scope 6 1.1.1 Scope of EN 1990 6 1.1.2 Scope of EN 1995-2 6 1.2 Normative references 6 1.3 Assumptions 7 1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules 7 1.5 Definitions 7 1.5.1 General 7 1.5.2 Additional terms and definitions used in this present standard 7 1.6 Symbols used in EN
20、 1995-2 9 Section 2 Basis of design 11 2.1 Basic requirements 11 2.2 Principles of limit state design 11 2.3 Basic variables 11 2.3.1 Actions and environmental influences 11 2.4 Verification by the partial factor method 11 2.4.1 Design value of material property 11 Section 3 Material properties 13 S
21、ection 4 Durability 14 4.1 Timber 14 4.2 Resistance to corrosion 14 4.3 Protection of timber decks from water by sealing 14 Section 5 Basis of structural analysis 15 5.1 Laminated deck plates 15 5.1.1 General 15 5.1.2 Concentrated vertical loads 15 5.1.3 Simplified analysis 16 5.2 Composite members
22、17 5.3 Timber-concrete composite members 17 Section 6 Ultimate limit states 18 6.1 Deck plates 18 6.1.1 System strength 18 6.1.2 Stress-laminated deck plates 19 6.2 Fatigue 21 Section 7 Serviceability limit states 22 7.1 General 22 7.2 Limiting values for deflections 22 7.3 Vibrations 22 7.3.1 Vibra
23、tions caused by pedestrians 22 7.3.2 Vibrations caused by wind 22 Section 8 Connections 23 8.1 General 23 8.2 Timber-concrete connections in composite beams 23 8.2.1 Laterally loaded dowel-type fasteners 23 8.2.2 Grooved connections 23 Section 9 Structural detailing and control 24 Annex A (informati
24、ve) Fatigue verification 25 A.1 General 25 A.2 Fatigue loading 25 A.3 Fatigue verification 26 Annex B (informative) Vibrations caused by pedestrians 28 B.1 General 28 B.2 Vertical vibrations 28 B.3 Horizontal vibrations 28 EN 1995-2:2004 (E) 3 Foreword This European Standard EN 1995-2 has been prepa
25、red by Technical Committee CEN/TC250 “Structural Eurocodes”, the Secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a National Standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2005, and conflicting national standards s
26、hall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010. This European Standard supersedes ENV 1995-2:1997. CEN/TC250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this Euro
27、pean Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Background of
28、the Eurocode programme In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specification
29、s. Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them. Fo
30、r fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives of Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980s. In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decid
31、ed, on the basis of an agreement 1between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of al
32、l the Councils Directives and/or Commissions Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products CPD and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of se
33、tting up the internal market). The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards, generally consisting of a number of Parts: EN 1990:2002 Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1993 Eurocod
34、e 3: Design of steel structures EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design 1Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities
35、 and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) concerning the work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89). EN 1995-2:2004 (E) 4 EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures Eur
36、ocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue to vary from State to State. Status and field of application of Eurocodes The M
37、ember States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for the following purposes: as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N1 Mechanical r
38、esistance and stability and Essential Requirement N2 Safety in case of fire; as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services ; as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products (ENs and ETAs) The Eurocodes, as far
39、as they concern the construction works themselves, have a direct relationship with the Interpretative Documents 2referred to in Article 12 of the CPD, although they are of a different nature from harmonised product standards 3. Therefore, technical aspects arising from the Eurocodes work need to be
40、adequately considered by CEN Technical Committees and/or EOTA Working Groups working on product standards with a view to achieving full compatibility of these technical specifications with the Eurocodes. The Eurocode standards provide common structural design rules for everyday use for the design of
41、 whole structures and component products of both a traditional and an innovative nature. Unusual forms of construction or design conditions are not specifically covered and additional expert consideration will be required by the designer in such cases. National Standards implementing Eurocodes The N
42、ational Standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the full text of the Eurocode (including any annexes), as published by CEN, which may be preceded by a National title page and National foreword, and may be followed by a National annex. The National annex may only contain information on those p
43、arameters which are left open in the Eurocode for national choice, known as Nationally Determined Parameters, to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the country concerned, i.e.: values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the Eurocode; value
44、s to be used where a symbol only is given in the Eurocode; country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc.), e.g. snow map; the procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the Eurocode; 2According to Art. 3.3 of the CPD, the essential requirements (ERs) shall be given concrete
45、 form in interpretative documents for the creation of the necessary links between the essential requirements and the mandates for harmonised ENs and ETAGs/ETAs. 3According to Art. 12 of the CPD the interpretative documents shall : give concrete form to the essential requirements by harmonising the t
46、erminology and the technical bases and indicating classes or levels for each requirement where necessary ; indicate methods of correlating these classes or levels of requirement with the technical specifications, e.g. methods of calculation and of proof, technical rules for project design, etc. ; se
47、rve as a reference for the establishment of harmonised standards and guidelines for European technical approvals. The Eurocodes, de facto, play a similar role in the field of the ER 1 and a part of ER 2. EN 1995-2:2004 (E) 5 decisions on the application of informative annexes; references to non-cont
48、radictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocode. Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENs and ETAs) for products There is a need for consistency between the harmonised technical specifications for construction products and the technical rules
49、for works 4. Furthermore, all the information accompanying the CE Marking of the construction products which refer to Eurocodes shall clearly mention which Nationally Determined Parameters have been taken into account. Additional information specific to EN 1995-2 EN 1995 describes the Principles and requirements for safety, serviceability and durability of timber bridges. It is based on the limit state concept used in conjunction with a partial factor method. For the des
