1、 Recommendation ITU-R V.574-5 (08/2015) Use of the decibel and the neper in telecommunications V Series Vocabulary and related subjects ii Rec. ITU-R V.574-5 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency s
2、pectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunicat
3、ion Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent sta
4、tements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also
5、 available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related sate
6、llite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time sign
7、als and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2015 ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any
8、means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R V.574-5 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R V.574-5 Use of the decibel and the neper in telecommunications*, * (1978-1982-1986-1990-2000-2015) Scope This text recommends the symbols to be used for the logarithmic expression of quantities referring t
9、o power, and provides examples of the use as well as the relationship between the decibel and the neper. Keywords Decibel, neper Related ITU Recommendations Recommendation ITU-R V.430-4 Use of the international system of units (SI) Recommendation ITU-R V.431-8 Nomenclature of the frequency and wavel
10、ength bands used in telecommunications Recommendation ITU-R V.573-6 Radiocommunication vocabulary Recommendation ITU-R V.665-3 Traffic intensity unit The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) the frequent use by the ITU of the decibel and the neper for expressing quantities; b) the Interna
11、tional Standard IEC 60027-3 of the International Electrotechnical Committee on “Logarithmic and related quantities, and their units”; c) International Standard ISO 80000 of the International Organization for Standardization on quantities and units; d) the convenience of using only one unit to expres
12、s in logarithmic form the numerical values of international specifications and the results of measurements in exchanges at international level; e) the use in radiocommunications of the decibel alone to express the results of measurements in logarithmic form, recommends 1 that symbols used for the lo
13、garithmic expression of quantities that directly or indirectly refer to power should be chosen with the guidance of Annex 1. * This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the ITU-T. * In this Recommendation, the notation lg is used for the decimal logarithm in accordance with Internati
14、onal Standards ISO 80000-2 and IEC 60027-3. The notation log10 is also used. The notation log can be used if there is no ambiguity. 2 Rec. ITU-R V.574-5 Annex 1 Use of the decibel and the neper 1 Definition of the decibel 1.1 The bel (symbol B) expresses the ratio of two powers by the decimal logari
15、thm of this ratio. This unit is not often used, having been replaced by the decibel (symbol dB) which is one-tenth of a bel. 1.2 The decibel also may be used to express the ratio of two field quantities, such as voltage, current, sound pressure, electric field, charge velocity or density, the square
16、 of which in linear systems is proportional to power. To obtain the same numerical value as a power ratio, the logarithm of the field quantity ratio is multiplied by the factor 20, assuming that the impedances are equal. The relationship between a current or voltage ratio and that of the correspondi
17、ng power ratio is impedance dependent. Use of the decibel when the impedances are not equal is not appropriate unless adequate information is given concerning the impedances involved. For example, if P1 and P2 are two powers, their ratio expressed in decibels is: 10 lg (P1/P2) If P1 and P2 represent
18、 the powers dissipated by currents I1 and I2 in resistances R1 and R2: 2121222 11221 lg10lg20lg10lg10 RRIIRI RIPP 1.3 The decibel may be used to express the ratio of two values of a quantity connected with power by a well-defined relationship. In this case, the logarithm of this ratio must be multip
19、lied by a factor representing the relationship which connects the quantity with a power, and a term representing a multiplying factor may be added to it. If the ratio of two powers P1 and P2 depends on the ratio of values X1 and X2 of another quantity X by a relationship of the form P1/P2 (X1/X2), b
20、eing any real number, we can express it in decibels as: 10 lg (P1/P2) 10 lg (X1 / X2) dB 2 Definition of the neper The neper (symbol Np) expresses the ratio of two field quantities such as voltage or current, the square of which is proportional to power by the natural logarithm of this ratio. The va
21、lue of a power ratio in nepers is one-half of the natural logarithm of the power ratio. The values in nepers of the ratio of two field quantities and of the corresponding powers are equal only if the impedances are equal. One neper corresponds to the value of e of a field quantity ratio and to the v
22、alue e2 of a power quantity ratio. Sub-multiples such as the decineper (dNp) are also used. In some disciplines, nepers may be used to express the logarithm of a power ratio without the factor 1/2. An example is optical depth or attenuation in radiometry. Such usage is prohibited in telecommunicatio
23、ns in order to prevent ambiguity. Under this definition, the neper would in fact be equal to 4.34 dB, instead of 8.68 dB as is traditionally the case. Rec. ITU-R V.574-5 3 3 Use of the decibel and neper Countries can continue to use either the neper or the decibel for measurement purposes within the
24、ir own territory and, to avoid conversion of values, countries which prefer to do so may continue to use the neper between themselves by bilateral agreement. For the international exchange of information concerning transmission measurement and related values and for the international specification o
25、f limits for such values, the only logarithmic expression to be used is the decibel. However, it is possible to use the neper for bilateral agreements. For theoretical or scientific calculations, where ratios are expressed in terms of Napierian logarithms, the neper will always be used, implicitly o
26、r explicitly. As a result of some calculations on complex quantities, a real part in nepers and an imaginary part in radians are obtained. Factors may be applied for converting to decibels or degrees. The conversion values between the neper and the decibel are as follows: 1 Np (20 lg e) dB 8.686 dB
27、1 dB (0.05 ln 10) Np 0.1151 Np 4 Rules for the use of the symbols where dB is included Concerning the symbols that include the symbol dB, the following rules should be used as far as possible: 4.1 The symbol dB without additional indication The symbol dB without additional indication should be used
28、to indicate a ratio of two powers, two power densities, two other quantities clearly connected with power or the difference between two power levels (see 6). 4.2 The symbol dB followed by additional information within parenthesis The symbol dB followed by additional information within parenthesis sh
29、ould be used to express an absolute level of power, power flux-density or any other quantity clearly connected with power, in relation to a reference value within the parenthesis. In some cases, however, common use may give rise to simplified symbols, such as dBm instead of dB(mW). 4.3 The symbol dB
30、 followed by additional information without parenthesis The symbol dB followed by additional information without parenthesis should be used to express by convention, special conditions such as measurements through specified filters or at a specified point of a circuit (see 8). 5 Loss and gain The at
31、tenuation or loss is a decrease between two points of an electric, electromagnetic or acoustic power. The attenuation is also the quantitative expression of a power decrease expressed by the ratio of the values at two points of a power or of a quantity related to power in a well-defined manner. This
32、 ratio is generally expressed in decibels. The gain is the increase between two points of an electric, electromagnetic or acoustic power. The gain is also the quantitative expression of a power increase expressed by the ratio of the values at two points of a power or of a quantity related to power i
33、n a well-defined manner. This ratio is generally expressed in decibels. 4 Rec. ITU-R V.574-5 The exact designation of the loss or gain in question must be given (e.g. image-attenuation coefficient, insertion loss, antenna gain) which in fact refers to the precise definitions of the ratio in question
34、 (terminal impedances, reference conditions, etc.). 5.1 Transmission loss The ratio, expressed in decibels, of the transmitted power (Pt) to the received power (Pr): L 10 lg (Pt /Pr) dB 5.2 Antenna gain The ratio, usually expressed in decibels of the power required at the input of a loss free refere
35、nce antenna (P0) to the power supplied to the input of the given antenna (Pa ) to produce, in a given direction, the same field strength or the same power flux-density at the same distance in a given direction (when not specified otherwise in the direction of maximum radiation). G 10 lg (P0 /Pa) dB
36、The reference antenna is usually an isotropic antenna, a half-wave dipole, or, in certain cases, a short vertical antenna. 6 Levels In many cases, the comparison of a quantity, here called x, with a specified reference quantity of the same kind (and dimension), xref is expressed by the logarithm of
37、the ratio x/xref. This logarithmic expression is often called “the level of x (with respect to xref)” or “the x-level (with respect to xref )”. With the general letter symbol for level L, the level of the quantity x may be written Lx. Other names and other symbols exist and can be used. x may in its
38、elf be a single quantity, e.g. power P, or a ratio, e.g. P/A, where A is area, xref is here supposed to have a fixed value, e.g. 1 mW, 1 W, 1 W/m2, 20 Pa, 1 V/m. The level representing the quantity x with reference quantity xref may be indicated by the quantity symbol: Lx (with respect to xref ), an
39、d may be expressed in decibels, when the reference quantity is a power, or a quantity linked to power, in a well-defined way. Example: The statement that the level of a certain power, P, is 15 dB above the level corresponding to 1 W can be written: LP (with respect to 1 W) 15 dB, which means 10 lg (
40、P/P0) 15, with P0 1 W, or 10 lg P (W) 15 In many cases it is found practical to use a condensed notation based only on the unit, which in this case would be: LP 15 dB(1 W) The number “1” in the expression of the reference quantity can be omitted, but this is not recommended in cases where confusion
41、may occur. In other words, where no number is shown, the number 1 is to be understood. There exist condensed notations for special cases, such as dBW for dB(1 W) (see 8 below). Rec. ITU-R V.574-5 5 6.1 Absolute power level The absolute power level is the ratio, generally expressed in decibels, betwe
42、en the power of a signal at a point in a transmission channel and a specified reference power. It should be specified in every case whether the power is real or apparent. It is necessary for the reference power to be indicated by a symbol: when the reference power is one watt, the absolute power lev
43、el is expressed in “decibels relative to one watt” and the symbol “dBW” is used; when the reference power is one milliwatt, the absolute power level is expressed in “decibels relative to one milliwatt” and the symbol “dBm” is used. 6.2 Relative power level and related concepts 6.2.1 Definition The r
44、elative power level is the ratio, generally expressed in decibels, between the power of a signal at a point in a transmission channel and the same power at another point in the channel chosen as a reference point, generally at the origin of the channel. It should be specified in every case whether t
45、he power is real or apparent. Unless otherwise specified, the relative power level is the ratio of the power of a sinusoidal test signal (at 800 or 1 000 Hz) at a point in the channel to the power of that reference signal at the transmission reference point. 6.2.2 Transmission reference point (see R
46、ecommendation ITU-T G.101) In the old transmission plan, the ITU-T had defined “the zero relative-level point” as being the two-wire origin of a long distance circuit (point O of Fig. 1). In the presently recommended transmission plan the relative level should be 3.5 dBr at the virtual switching poi
47、nt on the sending side of a four-wire international circuit (point V of Fig. 2). The “transmission reference point” or “zero relative level point” (point T of Fig. 2) is a virtual two-wire point which would be connected to V through a hybrid transformer having a loss of 3.5 dB. The conventional load
48、 used for the computation of noise on multi-channel carrier systems corresponds to an absolute mean power level of 15 dBm at point T. 6.2.3 Meaning of “dBm0” If a measuring signal with an absolute power level LM (dBm) is applied at point T, the absolute power level of signal appearing at a point X,
49、where the relative level is LXR (dBr), will be LM LXR (dBm). Conversely, if a signal at X has an absolute power level LXA (dBm), it is often convenient to “refer it to a zero relative level point” by computing L0 (dBm0) by the formula: L0 LXA LXR This formula may be used, not only for signals, but also for noise (weighted or unweighted), which helps in the computation of a signal-to-noise ratio. 6 Rec. ITU-R V.574-5 V . 0 5 7 4 - 0 1Z ero rel at i v e l ev el p o i n tFIG U RE 2FIG U RE 1V ( 3 .5 d Br)TO6.3 Power densi
