1、I NTE RNAT I ON AL TELECOM M UN ICATION UNION Application of computers and microprocessors to the construction, installation and protection of te lecom m u n cat ion cables TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU 1999 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION Application of computers and micropr
2、ocessors to the construction, installation and protection of telecommunication cables TE LEC OMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU 1999 O U 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photoc
3、opying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the U. CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 1.1 Basic conception . . 1.2 Basic study items for application of sensors and microprocessors . 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.5 Analysing the current work situation Application purpose and effect o Requirements for
4、sensors and microprocessors Clarifying problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Application to protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Deterioration diagnosis technology and applications . 2.1.2 Decay diagnosis for wooden poles . 2.2 Application to surveillance f
5、or outside plant . 2.2.2 Gas pressure monitoring in cables . 2.2.4 Monitoring of moisture in closures . 2.2.6 Optical fibre line operation support system . . 2.1.3 Fault location expert system . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.5 Monitoring plant in cable tunnels . 2.3 Others
6、. . . 3.1 Construction of ducts . . Application of sensors and microprocessors to installation . 4 4.1 Pulling optical fibre cables . 4.2 Transfer splicing of metallic cables . 5 Application of computers to design and administration . 5.1 Plant design . 5.2 Plant administration . 6 7 Integrated comp
7、uter system for outside plant and subscriber information Examples of computer printouts for design, construction and installation of outside plant . 7.1 Introduction . 7.2 Examples of . . References 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Application to protection 4 Applicat
8、ion to installation . 3 Application to construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Application to design and administration . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 6 7 8 8 13 13 14 15 17 20 20 20 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 27 28 29 32 32 3
9、4 34 36 37 37 37 40 40 40 41 41 41 Introduction Many countries are expanding their outside facilities for the ever-growing and increasingly sophisticated field of the telecommunication services. Therefore, it has become very important to maintain the outside plant in good order economically. In orde
10、r to achieve this goal, much effort must be concentrated on an effective and systematic way for design, construction, installation and protection of the outside plant. Generally speaking, the outside plant occupies a wide area which requires a large amount of investment. It also requires a huge amou
11、nt of work for design, construction, installation and protection of the plant. For the outside work involved, it requires all safety measures to be available as well. It becomes very effective to introduce sensing technology and microprocessing technology. Recent developments in the sensing and the
12、microprocessing technologies have made this effectiveness possible. Many countries are adopting these technologies. In this paper, the application of sensors and microprocessors for various requirements are explained and examples of applications are given. 1.1 Basic conception In order to understand
13、 the purpose for the application of sensors and microprocessors to the related outside plant, the following items should be considered. These are: 1) 2) to clarify the present condition of the outside plant; to perform work analysis and adopt sensing and microprocessing technologies in order to impr
14、ove the work performance (systematized work); to look into features of the outside plant which impose restrictions on sensors and microprocessors; and to understand the environments influencing sensors and microprocessors. 3) 4) These main study items are stratified as illustrated in Figure 1.1. The
15、 present work must therefore be analysed and its redundant parts should be eliminated. Thus, the present work will be changed into systematized work. A typical flow chart of the study required for the application of sensors and microprocessors is illustrated in Figure 1.2. Firstly, the present situa
16、tion of work should be analysed, and the problems clarified. Secondly, where problems exist that must be improved, the necessary functions for the sensors and the microprocessors should be studied and determined. Also, the technical improvement expected from them, their capability and their cost sho
17、uld be investigated separately. Then, the choice of devices should be clarified, and the effect of their introduction should be calculated. Finally, it is necessary to investigate the environments where the sensors and the microprocessors are to be used. Considering the overall conditions as stated
18、above, a study must be carried out to determine whether or not to apply the sensors and the microprocessors technologies. 1.2 Basic study items for application of sensors and microprocessors 1.2.1 Analysing the current work situation Outside plant work includes administration, design, construction,
19、installation and protection. The outside plant work flow is illustrated in Figure 1.3. Initially, it is necessary to investigate the problems included in the work flow. In order to form the outside plant network, the plant design comes first. Then, the outside plant construction and the installation
20、 follow. After that, the plant data is registered and protection is provided. Any data on deteriorated plant is also recorded. From the registered data, information can be retrieved to form an effective plan, in order to replace the deteriorated plant or to expand the new plant. Such a flow is calle
21、d the life cycle work of the facility. 1 Design Administration Construction Installation 00 0 Present work I I l I , I ! I , I l , I 11 ! (1 Il 11 11 1, I I! , Il I! Systematized work O I , - ;d - 9; I Design Administration Construction Installation l I 0 Outside plant network - Huge facility and co
22、ntinuity - Mixed new and old Plant unit - Poles +High location work - Manholes +Narrow, dark and dirty Plant location Outside plant Vibration from vehicles Exhaust gases Electromagnetic induction Smoke Natural environment Environment Temperature, Humidity, Rain, Wind, Bugs, Animals, Ultraviolet rays
23、 TO60361 0-93/d01 Figure 1.1 - Stratified drawing study for sensor and microprocessor application 2 Technological trend and capability study for sensor and microprocessor Clarifying problems 1 Decision of functions necessaty for sensor and microprocessor I cf.l.2.2 cf,l ,2,5 - Clarifying application
24、 purpose and introduction effect of sensor and microprocessor I Analyzing present work cf.l.2.1 Study of environment of sensor and microprocessor li Investigation of whether or not to apply sensor and microprocessor I. I 1 I 1 cf.l.2.4 TO60341 0-93/d02 Decision of systematizing work . .I . cf.l.2.3
25、-I - 1 . - . I_._. . igure I.L - EIOW cnart or tne stuay requirea to aetermne systemanzea work Plant data Deteriorated plant data Installation Construction Administration + I Plant renewal and expansion information Design Drawings T0603420-93/d03 Figure 1.3 - Flow chart of the cycle of outside plant
26、 work 3 1) Protection To repair faulty plant as soon as possible 1. Is defined as a surveillance process The outside plant is used in a large range of situations and therefore it can be exposed to severe environmental conditions. Trouble with the plant may cause very serious problems to the service
27、and to the safety of workers. Therefore, the question of protection becomes very important. 1. Detection of any abnormalities of service or plant 2. Search for location of trouble 3. Repair or renewal of plant Protection work can be categorized into two parts; one is preventative maintenance and the
28、 other is trouble-shooting and repair maintenance (Table 1.1). Table 1.1 -Protection methods of outside plant Preventive maintenance rouble-shooting md repair naintenance To avoid plant troubles and service failures before they occur To improve robustness of plant (Example: highly armoured sheath ca
29、ble) Protect so as not to affect service (Example: gas pressurized cable) Ground marking for burial plant To replace deteriorated plant before the deterioration causes plant troubles or service failures 1,2 and 3 are defined as diagnostic processes 1. Measurement of deteriorated plant 2. Collection
30、of deteriorated plant data 3. Estimation of renewal period of plant 4. Renewal of plant Improvement in plant robustness or the application of protection procedures to prevent any plant failure or loss of service due to plant damage has been adopted for a long time in the category of preventative mai
31、ntenance. Also for the cable facilities, various methods are used to indicate the buried plant. For example, a marking indication is erected or buried tapes are used to indicate the location of the buried plant for the protection of underground cable during road construction. However, the marking in
32、dication may be lost after a long time. When the road is dug for any purpose, the buried plant indication tape becomes very difficult to find. In such occasions damage to the plant will probably occur. For a planned renewal of plant, the condition of deterioration must be known, and a diagnostic tec
33、hnique for estimating the plant renewal is required. In reality, as this plant diagnostic technology is still in a premature stage, it is not sufficiently developed for a complete planned renewal of the plant. For trouble-shooting and repair maintenance, let us suppose a break of service occurs. The
34、 subscribers report the failure to the telephone office. A reception clerk carries out a test procedure to locate the trouble. After that, it is necessary to dispatch a repair team to the spot and it may take a long time to repair the failure. It is important to monitor continuously the plant and de
35、tect the abnormalities of the plant immediately in order to reduce the severity of such a situation. After the detection, the trouble point must be located as soon as possible. In addition, spare plant and switching to this are desirable to minimized the time of service breaks. However, in practice
36、it is difficult from a cost point of view to duplicate plants except for very important cables. 2) Construction and installation Construction of outside plant means the provision of telephone poles, ducts and tunnels which support and accommodate telecommunication cables. The term “installation” mea
37、ns installation of cables after the construction of the facilities. 4 The construction and the installation works are segmented into detailed items. Each process must be standardized as much as possible. It becomes necessary to indicate the work hours for each process as follows: a) b) c) d) e) f) g
38、) to prepare necessary materials and tools; to go to the site; to perform preparation work (unload and assemble tools); to build manholes and a duct route and pull cable; to clear construction site (dis-assemble tools and pack-up materials and tools); to return to the office from site; to put materi
39、al and tools away. It is important to consider safety of the workers on site, especially when the work is carried out on a telephone pole, or when the work is performed near a place of traffic congestion. The construction time is sometimes confined or limited to within certain hours to prevent disru
40、ption to daily life in big cities. Cable jointing requires long hours in a manhole, where the environment can be unpleasant. Furthermore, the service break caused by cable transfer splicing has become a problem recently. 3) Design The design work for outside plant requires planning. It is necessary
41、to determine the time required for each work process and to study standardization of the work. Design work can be segmented as follows below: a) to survey on site (to check the existing plant and make a survey of the road traffic situation which may limit the work); to draw up a plan; to apply for a
42、 permit for exclusive use of the outside plant (when outside plant is built in a public road, permission from the public office must be requested); to calculate the time required and to schedule the work; to estimate the necessary materials; to draw up a work order; (construction and installation):
43、b) c) d) e) f) g) to amend plant records; h) to accept the fixed asset. The process described above may require a very long period. There are a large number of drawings and books involved because of the large amount and types of materials required in the outside plant facilities. Until recently (in
44、the last decade), the work was performed manually, which required many hours. Also there were many plant records, drawings and books which had to be administrated. Plant records were not always updated due to time required to do so, and the limitation of people to do the work. Now most new records a
45、re stored in computers and updating is done more quickly with fewer people and hours worked. 4) Administration The administration of outside plant is also office work performed in a similar manner to the design work. This administration involves dealing with the huge data of the outside plant. For e
46、xample, this makes it possible to determine the exact amount of the cable pairs which can be provided for the customers. This is one of the most important and basic work operations in the overall telecommunication service. It is also related to the provision of service work and the trouble-shooting
47、work. However in reality, the plant data base may be still premature to give operators effective and timely information about the plant. These also become drawbacks for provision of service performances and trouble shooting. But now computerization of outside plant records has made these records mor
48、e accurate and more up-to-date. In addition, the plant which expands into a network area causes a delay at the time of dispatching telephone repair teams or the provision of service work teams to the site if the records are not accurate. 5 The administration work is sub-divided into segments given b
49、elow: Problem a) provision of necessary information to perform design works Work Protection and Design Administration Construction installation information on deficient supply of circuits; Systematic renewal of plant not possible (diagnosis technique premature) plant faults (premature surveillance technique) Takes too long to restore renewal information for deteriorated plant; O O plant information (name of plant, amount, drawings); Long and monotonous work Poor work location quality (dirty, dark, narrow) b) provision of information which is effective to management O O O
