1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series K TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 4 (10/2015) SERIES K: PROTECTION AGAINST INTERFERENCE Supplement 2 to Recommendation ITU-T K.91 ITU-T K.91 Electromagnetic field considerations in smart su
2、stainable cities ITU-T K-series Recommendations Supplement 4 K series Supplement 4 (10/2015) i Supplement 4 to ITU-T K-series Recommendations Supplement 2 to Recommendation ITU-T K.91 ITU-T K.91 - Electromagnetic field considerations in smart sustainable cities Summary The content of this second Sup
3、plement 2 to Recommendation ITU-T K.91 was prepared by the Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities (FG-SSC). Wireless networks provide vital infrastructure and connection of information and communication technology (ICT) elements that underpin smart sustainable cities. The effective design and caref
4、ul deployment of wireless networks and short range devices (SRDs) are vital to ensuring electromagnetic field (EMF) compliance and maximum efficiency for ICTs. Key features of this Supplement are: a) It details the EMF considerations in smart sustainable cities. b) It provides guidance on implementa
5、tion and promotes efficient deployment of wireless networks in smart sustainable cities. c) It features a Smart sustainability city EMF check-list designed to provide an easy to use reference for city officials and planners to ensure smart city policies operate most efficiently and comply with EMF e
6、xposure standards. d) It references World Health Organization (WHO) materials, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines, ITU-T Recommendations and IEC Standards. It is not intended to replicate the material in all references. History Edition Recommendation Ap
7、proval Study Group 1.0 ITU-T K Suppl. 4 2015-10-23 5 11.1002/1000/12688 ii K series Supplement 4 (10/2015) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU
8、Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardizat
9、ion Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information techno
10、logy which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance w
11、ith this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory languag
12、e such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publica
13、tion may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication development process. As of the date of approval of
14、 this publication, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent databa
15、se at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. K series Supplement 4 (10/2015) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Abbreviatio
16、ns and acronyms 1 5 Conventions 3 6 Background . 3 7 ICTs and EMF 3 7.1 How wireless networks support ICT services? 3 7.2 Examples of ICT systems connected by wireless networks . 4 7.3 Importance of wireless network connectivity . 11 7.4 Wireless technology power and operating range 11 8 EMF and hea
17、lth . 13 8.1 World Health Organization and EMF 13 8.2 EMF and health summary World Health Organization . 14 8.3 IARC classification for radio frequency fields . 15 9 EMF exposure limits . 16 9.1 Internationally harmonized EMF limits . 16 9.2 EMF safety training 18 9.3 Compliance assessment standards
18、 for wireless networks and devices . 18 9.4 Compliance for wireless networks . 19 9.5 Typical antenna compliance zones for workers . 19 9.6 Compliance for wireless devices 22 9.7 EMF compliance framework 22 9.8 Compliance assessment 22 9.9 Requirements for low power systems . 23 9.10 Compliance for
19、shared sites 23 10 EMF health and safety information 24 10.1 Compliance information . 24 10.2 Health and safety information 24 10.3 Sources of information . 25 11 Community information, consultation and engagement . 25 11.1 Guidance on public participation and consultation 25 11.2 Why is consultatio
20、n important? 25 11.3 Risk communication guidance . 26 12 Wireless ICT network infrastructure 26 12.1 Mobile network base stations and antennas . 26 12.2 Macro base stations and small cells 27 iv K series Supplement 4 (10/2015) Page 12.3 Sharing and co-location 29 12.4 Location of antennas and access
21、 restrictions 30 12.5 Signage . 31 13 ICT wireless technologies . 32 13.1 Mobile network technologies 3G and 4G 32 13.2 WiMAX 33 13.3 Wi-Fi . 34 13.4 Mobile backhaul and radio relays . 35 13.5 Bluetooth 35 13.6 DECT 36 14 ICT antenna siting approval requirements 37 14.1 Antenna permit procedures . 3
22、7 14.2 Environmental impact assessment 40 14.3 Schools, hospitals and similar community facilities 40 14.4 Access to public buildings and land . 41 14.5 Planning exclusion zones . 41 14.6 Visual integration with the environment 42 14.7 Environmental impact assessment 43 15 Conclusions. 44 Appendix I
23、 Smart sustainable city EMF check-list . 46 Appendix II Summary of ICNIRP guidelines . 47 Appendix III Summary of typical exposure levels . 49 Bibliography. 50 K series Supplement 4 (10/2015) v Executive summary Wireless and wired networks provide the underlying connections that underpin smart susta
24、inable cities (SSC). The design and deployment of wireless networks must ensure compliance with the required quality of service (QoS) as well as with the standards and regulations on human exposure to radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields. This Supplement details the electromagnetic field (EMF
25、)1 considerations in smart sustainable cities to ensure that the networks and connected devices operate safely and efficiently. Efficient deployment of wireless infrastructure will reduce the transmitted RF power in providing services and improve the efficiency of ICTs. The key audience of this Supp
26、lement includes city officials, town planners, urban developers, infrastructure providers, network operators and the public. This Supplement comprises the following key clauses: ICTs and EMF Provides a summary of how wireless networks support ICTs in the community, providing services that include sm
27、art metering, remote health care and medical monitoring, smart cars, mobile education and smart homes and buildings. EMF and health Provides an overview of the extensive research into EMF and health, and the conclusions from the World Health Organization (WHO). EMF exposure limits Provides a summary
28、 of the international EMF exposure limits developed by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) along with information on the application of the limits to workers and the general public. EMF health and safety information Provides an overview of the most relevant inf
29、ormation available on the linkages between EMF exposure, health and safety that can be used to respond to the requirements of various audiences. Community information consultation and engagement Provides guidance on community engagement, consultation and risk communications in order to increase publ
30、ic and policymaker awareness and foster better-informed discussions and citizen engagement in this field. Wireless ICT network infrastructure Provides an overview of the infrastructure elements that form a wireless network, and explains the role of these different elements. ICT wireless technologies
31、 Provides a summary of the various wireless technologies including 3G and 4G mobile telecommunications, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMax), wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), Bluetooth, digital enhanced cordless telecommunication (DECT) and the backhaul systems that connect the radio si
32、tes to the core telecommunications network and the Internet. ICT antenna siting approval requirements Provides guidance on good practice policy for planning rules for ICT infrastructure. This Supplement concludes by providing city officials and decision makers with a check-list that includes the key
33、 EMF-related aspects that need to be considered during the design and implementation of smart sustainable cities (SSC), in order to ensure that its operation complies with EMF standards and operate efficiently and safely. 1 An electromagnetic field consists of waves of electric and magnetic energy m
34、oving together through space. Often the term electromagnetic field or EMF is used to indicate the presence of electromagnetic radiation. Radio signals are one type of EMF. vi K series Supplement 4 (10/2015) Introduction Connected devices, distributed sensors and Internet technologies are enabling sm
35、art sustainable cities (SSC) to capture valuable data, deploy new services and enhance existing services. The use of these tools can contribute to improving the effectiveness of city management, generating new growth opportunities for local businesses, improving sustainability and raising the qualit
36、y of citizens lives, among other benefits. Wireless technologies and services are playing a pivotal role in enabling smart sustainable cities around the world. Wireless and wired networks provide the underlying connections that underpin smart sustainable cities. The design and deployment of wireless
37、 networks must ensure compliance with the required quality of service as well as with the standards and regulations on human exposure to radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Efficient deployment of wireless infrastructure will reduce the transmitted RF power in providing services and
38、support the maximum efficiency for ICTs. K series Supplement 4 (10/2015) 1 Supplement 4 to ITU-T K-series Recommendations Supplement 2 to ITU-T Recommendation K.91 ITU-T K.91 Electromagnetic field considerations in smart sustainable cities 1 Scope This Supplement details the EMF considerations in sm
39、art sustainable cities to ensure that the networks and connected devices operate safely and efficiently. The recommendations in this Supplement are based on existing ITU and WHO technical and policy recommendations. Supplement 1 to ITU-T K-series Recommendations b-ITU-T K-Sup.1, includes a Guide on
40、electromagnetic fields and health that provides further information suitable for all stakeholders. The target audiences of this Supplement include: City officials Town planners Urban developers Infrastructure providers Network operators The public This Supplement provides guidance on the implementat
41、ion of good policies for wireless networks and promotes the efficient deployment of SSC strategies. This Supplement features a Smart sustainable city EMF check-list designed to provide city officials and planners with a clear and easy-to-use reference, in order to ensure the efficient operation of s
42、mart city designs while complying with EMF safety standards (refer to Appendix I for the check-list). This Supplement is not intended as a substitute for national EMF and wireless antenna siting requirements. Guidance on terms and definitions in relation to smart sustainable cities can be found in r
43、elated publications and Supplements from the ITU-T Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities. 2 References See bibliography. 3 Definitions None. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Supplement uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: 3D Three Dimensional 3G 3rd Generation mobile technology 4G 4th G
44、eneration mobile technology AM Amplitude Modulation 2 K series Supplement 4 (10/2015) AMR Automatic Meter Reading DAS Distributed Antenna Systems DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication DVB-T Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial DSL Digital Subscriber Line EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiat
45、ed Power EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility EMF Electromagnetic Field EMR Electromagnetic Radiation ERP Effective Radiated Power FM Frequency Modulation Gbit/s Giga bits per second GHG Greenhouse Gas GPS Global Positioning System HF High Frequency HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning IBC I
46、n-Building Coverage ICT Information and Communication Technology ISM Industrial, Scientific, and Medical ITC Intelligent Traffic Control LAN Local Area Network LTE Long-Term Evolution M2M Machine-to-Machine Mbit/s Megabits per second NCD Non-Communicable Diseases RAN Radio Access Network RF Radio Fr
47、equency RF-ID Radio Frequency Identification SAR Specific Absorption Rate SMS Short Message Service SRD Short Range Devices TTT Transport and Traffic Telematics TV Television UHF Ultra High Frequency VHF Very High Frequency WAN Wide Area Network WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
48、K series Supplement 4 (10/2015) 3 Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity WLAN Wireless Local Area Network xDSL x-type Digital Subscriber Line 5 Conventions None. 6 Background Some countries around the world have witnessed the opposition of local stakeholders to the deployment of mobile network antenna sites and si
49、milar smart sustainable city wireless infrastructure. This opposition may be linked to concerns about potential health risks caused by the exposure to EMF, as well as to concerns about aesthetics, impacts on property values, or issues such as privacy of information. With respect to EMF exposure, these fields are often imperceptible to and poorly comprehended by the general public. This imperceptibility and lack of comprehension can generate public distrust and reje
