1、考研英语二（阅读）模拟试卷 19 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 While U.S. companies are worrying about how to recruit talent from abroad in the face of increasingly rigorous immigration rules, a different and far mo
2、re significant challenge is quietly building. When young knowledge workers look for a job today, they seriously consider companies half a world away. Homegrown American talent is moving abroad, in what could become a huge shift in the world economic order.Early warning signs abound. Look at Singapor
3、es success in recruiting top U.S. academics to its universities and research centers: It lured the worlds leading seismologist (a geologist who studies earthquakes and the mechanical characteristics of the Earth) away from the California Institute of Technology and the number two scientist at the Na
4、tional Institutes of Health away from that organization. Silicon Valley expatriates have been moving to China in a small but steady stream. Farmers from the Midwest are using their high-tech methods to make a new start in Brazil, where real estate is cheap.The United States current economic woes are
5、 accelerating this trend. The trickle that has started at the top will become a flood as mid-career executives look for new opportunities abroad. Of course, even the best manager will struggle if he or she doesnt speak the local language. But one can get by in India with English only, and Spanish is
6、 relatively easy to learn. Moreover, when the children of todays expatriates enter the workforce, theyll reap a huge advantage from knowing the second languageChinese, Portuguese, Hindithey learned to speak at home as youngsters. More and more parents are discovering that a multilingual education ca
7、n help in guaranteeing lifelong employ ability for their offspring.Government policy will be crucial in determining how well U.S. companies respond to the increasing outflow of American talent. Lawmakers must not resort to knowledge protectionismfor instance, by requiring people who attend state-fun
8、ded universities to spend a certain amount of their working life in the United States. Rather, they must ensure that America remains the most favorable place for high-tech enterprises and continues to attract foreign students to its universities and foreign workers to its companies.The U.S. monopoly
9、 on leading-edge opportunities is at an end. The worlds best and brightest no longer assume that their future lies exclusively in the United States, and Americas best are coming to a-gree: Their path to a dream career may well lead them overseas.1 It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that
10、 .（A）the immigration rules in America have loosened up（B） American talent is shifting the world economic order（C） Singapore has replaced US to be the ideal country for scientists（D）there have been many signs of American talent moving abroad2 The author holds that an increasing number of Americans mo
11、ve abroad mainly because of_.（A）better opportunities abroad（B） huge linguistic advantages（C） domestic economic recession（D）lifelong employment security3 According to Paragraph 4, knowledge protectionism is characterized by being _.（A）critical（B） compulsory（C） competitive（D）compelling4 To deal with t
12、he outflow of American talent, the United States government should _.（A）tighten up its immigration rules（B） adopt knowledge protectionism（C） keep America an ideal place for high-tech companies（D）monopolize leading-edge opportunities5 Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the
13、 text?（A）Economy and American Immigration（B） A Looming American Talents Outflow（C） An Alerting Reverse in Immigration（D）American Immigration Past and Present5 Nearly all cultures have a version of the arrow of time, a process by which they move towards the future and away from the past. According to
14、 a paper to be published in Psychological Science this has an interesting psychological effect. A group of researchers, led by Eugene Caruso of the University of Chicago, found that people judge the distance of events differently, depending on whether they are in the past or future.The paper calls t
15、his the “Temporal Doppler Effect“. In physics, the Doppler effect describes the way that waves change frequency depending on whether their source is traveling towards or away from you. Mr Caruso argues that something similar happens with peoples perception of time. Because future events are associat
16、ed with diminishing distance, while those in the past are thought of as receding, something happening in one month feels psychologically closer than something that happened a month ago.This idea was tested in a series of experiments. In one, researchers asked 323 volunteers and divided them into two
17、 groups. A week before Valentines day, members of the first were asked how they planned to celebrate it. A week after February 14th the second group reported how they had celebrated it. Both groups also had to describe how near the day felt on a scale of one to seven. Those describing forthcoming pl
18、ans were more likely to report it as feeling “a short time from now“, while those who had already experienced it tended to cluster at the “a long time from now“ end of the scale. To account for the risk that recalling actual events requires different cognitive functions than imagining ones that have
19、 not yet happened, they also asked participants to rate the distance of hypothetical events a month in the past or future. The asymmetry remained.Interestingly, the effect can be reversed by manipulating times arrow. In another experiment, participants were plugged into a virtual reality machine, wi
20、th some moving forwards along a tree-lined street others backwards. Those who were moving backwards reported that past events began to feel closer.Mr Caruso speculates that his research has implications for psychological well-being. He suspects that people who do not show this biasthose who feel the
21、 past as being closermight be more subject to depression, because they are more likely to dwell on past events. There may also be lessons for politicians and business leaders. Talking of future plans may be more effective than boasting about past successes. “People want to know what are you going to
22、 do for me next, not what have you done for me lately,“ suggests Mr Caruso.6 According to Paragraph 1, the arrow of time may have an impact on _.（A）the process of almost all cultures when moving forward（B） peoples judge of the distance of certain events（C） mens comprehension of events in the future（
23、D）peoples memory of things happened in the past7 Doppler effect illustrates that waves change frequency based on _.（A）the different direction of waves source from observer（B） the diminishing distance when waves moving closer（C） the perception of people when facing the waves（D）the diminishing gap bet
24、ween waves source and people8 According to Paragraph 3, which of the following is true of the experiments?（A）Members of the second group have generally forgotten the details about Valentines day.（B） Members of the first group show better sense of time than those of the second group.（C） Members of th
25、e second group present worse abilities in cognition and imagination.（D）Members of the first group are likely to report at the opposite end of the scale to the second group.9 It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that _.（A）Temporal Doppler effect can be altered through particular manipulation（B） people
26、feel closer to past events when they are moving backwards（C） only in a virtual world can people reverse the Temporal Doppler effect（D）the arrow of time can be reversed by the Temporal Doppler effect 10 Caruso would most probably agree that_.（A）politicians and business leaders should avoid boasting a
27、bout past achievements（B） those who immerse in the past are more vulnerable to depression（C） people usually only care what can be served for them in the future（D）psychological well-being is dependent on peoples attitude towards past and future10 When two drunken men fight over a woman, alcohol and s
28、tupidity may not be the only things at work. Sadly, evolution may have shaped men to behave this way. Almost all of the traits considered to be masculinebig muscles, facial hair, square jaws, deep voices and a propensity to violenceevolved, it now seems, specifically for their usefulness in fighting
29、 off or intimidating other men, allowing the winner to get the girl.That, at least, is the contention of David Puts, an anthropologist at Pennsylvania State University, in an upcoming paper in Evolution and Human Behavior. Dr Puts is looking at how sexual selection gave rise to certain human traits.
30、 A trait is sexually selected if it evolved specifically to enhance mating success. They come in two main forms: weapons, such as an elks horns, which are used to fight off competitors; and ornaments, like a peacocks tail, which are used to advertise genetic fitness to attract the opposite sex.Resea
31、rchers have tended to consider human sexual selection through the lens of the females choice of her mate. But human males look a lot more like animals designed to battle with one another for access to females, says Dr Puts. On average, men have 40% more fat-free mass than women, which is similar to
32、the difference in gorillas, a species in which males unquestionably compete with other males for exclusive sexual access to females. In species whose males do not fight for access to females, males are generally the same size as, or smaller than, females.The heavier brow and jaw of males might have
33、developed to withstand blows from other males. Heavy eyebrows, facial hair and deep voices all could serve to make a man more imposing to other men. Dr Puts does not dismiss mate selection outright. Women are attracted to some of the same traits that are good for dominating other men because they si
34、gnal that the man will sire sons who will also be successful at mating. But female choice probably is not the primary cause of the traits.It is a disturbing idea to modern minds, harking back to old stereotypes about violent cavemen battling with clubs while a passive woman, fetching in furs, waits
35、helplessly to see who will win her. But Dr Puts emphasizes that evolutionary biology is not destiny. Regardless of our evolutionary past, in modern societies men and women freely choose their mates. However, understanding the evolutionary pressures that made men the way they are could help us better
36、 understand male violence, including murder, domestic abuse, gang violence and perhaps even warfare.11 It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that_.（A）masculine traits have evolved to get the opposite sex（B） alcohol is the only thing at work in drunken mens fight（C） evolution has shaped human beings tra
37、its and behavior（D）tendency to violence cannot be counted as a masculine trait12 We can learn from the text that mens traits_.（A）exclude their tendency to violence（B） are reasons for their fight over females（C） are the result of female choice in evolution（D）evolved to facilitate access to females13
38、Elks horn and peacocks tail are mentioned in Paragraph 2 to show that _.（A）they are sexual traits unique to males（B） they are ornaments to attract females（C） they are weapons to fight off competitors（D）they evolved to make mating successful14 The similarity between human beings and gorillas is that
39、_.（A）females have the same rate of fat-free mass（B） males have more fat-free mass than females（C） the population of males is smaller than females（D）the size of females is generally larger than males15 The last paragraph intends to tell us_.（A）masculine traits are developed because of female choice（B
40、） knowing about evolution helps us understand mens behavior（C） how sexual selection gives rise to certain human traits（D）evolution can explain the cause of mens traits and behavior15 The simple act of hand-washing has been shown to help clear a guilty conscience and even make you more forgiving of t
41、he moral mistakes of others. Its known as the Macbeth principle of morality: we make a fundamental, psychological association between physical purity and moral purity, which lets us literally wash away our sins. The trick even works in the opposite direction, with cleanliness prompting moral behavio
42、r in one study, people exposed to a clean-smelling environment were induced to act more fairly and charitably toward strangers than people in a neutral-smelling place.Now a new study published in Science asks whether hand-washing can wipe the slate clean of any past behavioreven everyday decisions,
43、like, say, choosing Paris over Rome for vacation. When people make choices, especially between two similarly attractive options, they tend to go to great lengths to justify them as psychological assurance theyve made the right decision.The mental exercise reduces post-decisional doubt and the author
44、s of the new study found that handwashing eliminated peoples need to do it. As part of an alleged consumer survey, 40 undergraduates browsed 30 CD covers as if they were in a music store. They selected 10 CDs they would like to own and ranked them by preference. Later, the experimenter offered them
45、a choice between their fifth- and sixth-ranked CDs as a token of appreciation from the sponsor. After the choice, participants completed an seemingly unrelated product survey that asked for evaluations of a liquid soap; half merely examined the bottle before answering, whereas others tested the soap
46、 by washing their hands. After a filler task, participants ranked the 10 CDs again.“People who merely examined the soap bottle dealt with their doubts about their decision by changing how they saw the CDs: as in hundreds of earlier studies, once they had made a choice, they saw the chosen CD as much
47、 more attractive than before, and the rejected CD as much less attractive,“ said study co-author Norbert Schwarz, a psychologist at University of Michigan. “But hand-washing eliminated this classic effect. Once participants had washed their hands, they no longer needed to justify their choice when t
48、hey ranked the CDs the second time around.“The researchers repeated the experiment, this time asking participants to rank the desirability of four kinds of fruit jam. Once again, volunteers who wiped their hands clean after choosing showed the kind of satisfaction with their decision that the non-wi
49、pers lacked. Still, theres no guarantee that a bout of handwashing will avoid post-decision remorse in the long run. As far as those big decisions go, however, youre probably best off engaging in good old-fashioned justification.16 According to the Macbeth principle of morality, physical cleanness _.（A）reflects ones moral purity（B） determines ones moral status（C） is related to ones moral purity（D）interacts with ones moral purity17 The new study shows that hand-washing after a decision _.
