1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 151 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 In that mythical era【B1】_children were seen and not heard, and did【B2 】_they were told without【B3】_, everyone knew that【B4】_bedtim
2、es were important. “ Dream on!“ Most modern parents【B5】_reply. But research by Yvonne Kelly of University College, London, shows that the ancient wisdom is right-half the time. Daughters, it seems, do【B6 】_from regular bedtimes. Sons do not.Dr. Kelly knew【B7】_many studies that had looked at the【B8】_
3、between sleep habits and cognitive ability in adults and adolescents. All showed that【B9 】_sleeping schedules【B10】_hand in hand with poor academic【B11】_Surprisingly, 【B12】_, little such research had been done on children. She and her colleagues therefore examined the bedtimes and cognitive abilities
4、 of 11,178 children who are【B13】_in a multidisciplinary research project.The bedtime information they used was【B14】_during four visits interviewers【B15 】_to their homes. These happened when the children were nine months, three years, five years and seven years of age. They were asked whether they ha
5、d set bedtimes on weekdays and if they always, usually, sometimes or never made them. They were also asked to take tests from【B16】_their IQs could be estimated.Kellys report shows that when children had reached the age of seven,【B17 】 _a regular bedtime did seem to affect their cognition. But that w
6、as true only to female. On the IQ scale, whose mean value is 100 points, girls who had had regular bedtimes scored between eight and nine points more than those who did not. Boys were not completely【B18】_Irregular bedtimes left their IQs about six points below those of their【B19 】_at the age of thre
7、e. But the distinction【B20】_by the time they were seven. 1 【B1 】（A）where（B） that（C） when（D）which2 【B2 】（A）while（B） as（C） like（D）just3 【B3 】（A）controversy（B） hostility（C） agreement（D）argument4 【B4 】（A）regular（B） daily（C） ordinary（D）normal 5 【B5 】（A）must（B） will（C） might（D）can6 【B6 】（A）beneficial（B） b
8、enevolent（C） beneficiary（D）benefit7 【B7 】（A）from（B） of（C） apart（D）backwards8 【B8 】（A）connection（B） balance（C） joint（D）difference9 【B9 】（A）good（B） enough（C） proper（D）inconsistent10 【B10 】（A）became（B） saw（C） went（D）did11 【B11 】（A）output（B） performance（C） input（D）intake12 【B12 】（A）therefore（B） moreover
9、（C） however（D）yet13 【B13 】（A）enrolled（B） registering（C） entering（D）manipulated14 【B14 】（A）assessed（B） collected（C） got（D）massed15 【B15 】（A）summoned（B） evoked（C） made（D）assembled16 【B16 】（A）that（B） which（C） whom（D）who17 【B17 】（A）having not had（B） having had not（C） not having had（D）not having18 【B18 】
10、（A）unchanged（B） unaffected（C） unaltered（D）unmoved19 【B19 】（A）ancestors（B） descendants（C） parents（D）contemporaries20 【B20 】（A）vanished（B） appeared（C） banished（D）developedPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 A hap
11、py life, according to the Scottish poet James Thomson, consists of “retirement, rural quiet, friendship, books“ , among other things. Alice Munro, perhaps the greatest short-story writer of our time, has elected to embrace this bliss, saying last week, “Im probably not going to write anymore. “ An i
12、ncredulous editor from the National Post had to follow up on whether she really meant itthat last years sublimely devastating collection, Dear Life, was it for her. “Oh, yes,“ the 81-year-old Canadian said, telling disappointed fans to “read the old ones over again. There are lots of them“.Yet if yo
13、u have ever imagined a typical day in the life of an author, your vision probably resembles Thomsons. Writing seems like tender labor, and its not hard to picture all those quarterly Munro storiesthe ones that appear in The New Yorker as regularly as fresh internsbeing created from a diet of easy gr
14、ace, fertilized frequently with tea, long walks, dinners on the porch, and Chekhov readings. Why would anyone have to retire from writing, as if its a job with regular hours?Except it is. John Updike used to rent a one-room office above a restaurant, where he would report to write six days a week. J
15、ohn Cheever famously put on his only suit and rode the elevator with the 9-to-5 crowd, only he would proceed down to the basement to write in a storage room. Robert Caro still puts on a jacket and tie every day and repairs to his 22nd-floor Manhattan office. Authors who corral their duties into dail
16、y routines help remind us of the industry of writing. A muse does not pour words into someones skull. The drudgery has conquered some of our best wordsmiths. “ When you decide to be a writer, you dont have the faintest idea of what the work is like,“ Philip Roth, another recent literary retiree, has
17、 said about the “stringent exigencies“ of literature. “But working at it nearly every day for 50 years . . . turns out to be an extremely taxing job and hardly the pleasantest of human activities. “ He e-ven called it “just torture, awful“.Munro has long been able to pensively observe someone and ef
18、fortlessly penetrate the characters extraordinary private history. “Nobody bothers anymore to judge her goodness,“ the critic James Wood has said. “Her reputation is like a good address. “ It is as if she can look upon a person and always see the full span of a life. Now she has taken a measure of h
19、er years and judged that, at last, she can stop. Let us read the old ones over again. There are lots of them.21 From the first paragraphs we can learn that_.（A）a happy life is the life after retirement（B） Dear Life proved a big failure（C） retirement is viewed as a pleasant life period by writers（D）M
20、unro retired when she was young22 A job of a writer is often thought to be_?（A）freely scheduled（B） fertilized with food（C） related to physical excise（D）finished after dinners23 What can we infer from the third paragraph?（A）Great writers are favored by the muse.（B） Writing is actually a hard job requ
21、iring continuous efforts.（C） You know exactly what the work is like when you begin to write.（D）Philip Roth worked with the 9-to-5 crowd.24 According to the last paragraph, Munro is adept in_.（A）drawing drafts（B） perceiving the traits of characters（C） rewriting her works（D）judging someones goodness25
22、 Which of the following can be the best title for the text?（A）How to Be Great Writers（B） What Consists A Happy Life（C） Writing Is A Job Of Elegance（D）Why Should A Writer Retire25 For years, smokers have been exhorted to take the initiative and quit; use a nicotine patch, chew nicotine gum, take a pr
23、escription medication that can help, call a help line, just say no. But a new study finds that stopping is seldom an individual decision. Smokers tend to quit in groups, the study finds, which means smoking cessation programs should work best if they focus on groups rather than individuals. It also
24、means that people may help many more than just themselves by quitting: quitting can have a ripple effect prompting an entire social network to break the habit.The study, by Dr. Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School and James Fowler of the University of California, San Diego, followed thousan
25、ds of smokers and nonsmokers for 32 years, from 1971 until 2003 , studying them as part of a large network of relatives, co-workers, neighbors, friends and friends of friends.It was a time when the percentage of adult smokers in the United States fell to 21 percent from 45 percent. As the investigat
26、ors watched the smokers and their social networks, they saw what they said was a striking effect-smokers had formed little social clusters and, as the years went by, entire clusters of smokers were stopping en masse. So were clusters of clusters that were only loosely connected. Dr. Christakis descr
27、ibed watching the vanishing clusters as like lying on your back in a field, looking up at stars that were burning out. “Its not like one little star turning off at a time,“ he said, “Whole constellations are blinking off at once. “As cluster after cluster of smokers disappeared, those that remained
28、were pushed to the margins of society , isolated, with fewer friends, fewer social connections. “Smokers used to be the center of the party,“ Dr. Fowler said, “but now theyve become wallflowers. “ “Weve known smoking was bad for your physical health,“ he said, “But this shows it also is bad for your
29、 social health. Smokers are likely to drive friends away. “ There is an essential public health message, “ said Richard Suzman, director of the office of behavioral and social research at the National Institute on Aging, which financed the study. “Obviously, people have to take responsibility for th
30、eir behavior,“ Mr. Suzman said. But a social environment, he added, “can just overpower free will. “ With smoking, that can be a good thing, researchers noted. But there also is a sad side. As Dr. Steven Schroeder of the University of California, San Francisco, pointed out in an editorial accompanyi
31、ng the paper, “ a risk of the marginalization of smoking is that it further isolates the group of people with the highest rate of smoking persons with mental illness, problems with substance abuse, or both.26 Which of the following statements is true according to the opening paragraph?（A）Smokers hav
32、e been prevented from quit smoking for years.（B） It is rare that smokers make a decision to quit.（C） It is preferable to abstain from smoking in groups.（D）Nonsmoker could be affected because of the ripple effects.27 The word “en masse“(Line 4, Paragraph 3)most probably means_.（A）at large（B） all toge
33、ther（C） in the end（D）respectively28 By saying “but now theyve become wallflowers“(Line 3 , Paragraph 4), Dr. Fowler intends to show that_.（A）those who are isolated by clusters tend to quit smoking（B） those who keep smoking are now loosely connected to their previous groups（C） those ongoing smokers t
34、end to drive their friend away in parties（D）smoking in clusters are bad for the health of individuals and society alike29 What can we conclude from the last paragraph?（A）Social responsibility is widely-acknowledged.（B） Smokers ignoring social environment are self-centered.（C） Going on smoking is wro
35、ng-headed.（D）Social influence on smoking is double-edged.30 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）Big Social Factor in Quitting Smoking（B） How to Quit Smoking Efficiently（C） Ripple Effect within Social Networks（D）Marginalization of Smoking Is Dangerous30 The willingness of d
36、octors at several major medical centers to apologize to patients for harmful errors is a promising step toward improving the rather disappointing quality of a medical system that kills tens of thousands of innocent patients a year inadvertently.For years, experts have lamented that medical malpracti
37、ce litigation is an inefficient way to deter lethal or damaging medical errors. What they noticed, simply put it, is that most victims of malpractice never sue, and there is some evidence that many patients who do sue were not harmed by a physicians error but instead suffered an adverse medical outc
38、ome that could not have been prevented. The details of what went wrong are often kept secret as part of a settlement agreement.What is needed, many specialists agree, is a system that quickly brings an error to light so that further errors can be headed off and that compensates victims promptly and
39、fairly. Many doctors, unfortunately, have been afraid that admitting and describing their errors would only invite a costly lawsuit.Now, as described by Kevin Sack in The Times, a handful of prominent academic medical centers have adopted a new policy of promptly disclosing errors, offering earnest
40、apologies and providing fair compensation. It appears to satisfy many patients, reduce legal costs and the litigation burden and, in some instances, helps reduce malpractice premiums. Here are some examples from colleges of the United States: at the University of Illinois, of 37 cases where the hosp
41、ital acknowledged a preventable error and apologized, only one patient filed suit; at the University of Michigan Health System, existing claims and lawsuits dropped from 262 in August 2001 to 83 in August 2007, and legal costs fell by two-thirds.To encourage greater candor, more than 30 states have
42、enacted laws making apologies for medical errors inadmissible in court. That sounds like a sensible step that should be adopted by other states or become federal law. Such laws could help bring more errors to light. Patients who have been harmed by negligent doctors can still sue for malpractice, us
43、ing other evidence to make their case.Admitting errors is only the first step toward reforming the health care system so that far fewer mistakes are made. But reforms can be more effective if doctors are candid about how they went astray. Patients seem far less angry when they receive an honest expl
44、anation, an apology and prompt, fair compensation for the harm they have suffered.31 Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?（A）Doctors confession of mistakes and apologies help to better medical care.（B） Experts believe it an inefficient way for patients to sue for thei
45、r livery.（C） Mistreated patients never sue once suffer an unpreventable adverse medical outcome.（D）The details of patients conditions are often kept secret.32 While many specialists call for a disclosure mechanism, some physicians are worrying about_.（A）exposure to the media（B） describing their mist
46、akes in details（C） compensating victims promptly and fairly（D）involvement in an expensive civil case33 According to Paragraph 5, laws are enacted in more than 30 states_.（A）to be adopted by other states（B） to become federal law（C） to make apologies for medical misconduct（D）to spark medical practitio
47、ners to confess more34 From the last paragraph, we can infer that Doctors should describe the way they made mistakes in order to_.（A）admit malpractices first（B） make less medical mistakes（C） avoid lawsuits（D）be forgiven35 The authors attitude towards doctors hearty apologies may be summarized as_.（A
48、）skeptical（B） indifferent（C） supportive（D）intolerable35 When older people can no longer remember names at a cocktail party, they tend to think that their brainpower is declining. But a growing number of studies suggest that this assumption is often wrong. Instead , the research finds, the aging brai
49、n is simply taking in more data and trying to sift through a clutter of information, often to its long-term benefit. The studies are analyzed in a new edition of a neurology book, “Progress in Brain Research“.Some brains do deteriorate with age. Alzheimers disease, for example, strikes 13 percent of Americans 65 and older. But for most aging adults, the authors say, much of what occurs is a gradually widening f
