1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 18 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Antibiotics, before they became used as drugs, were natural products. A new finding provides the first direct【C1】_that antibiotic r
2、esistance is a widespread natural phenomenon that【C2】_the modern medical use of antibiotics. Experts had long predicted this on theoretical【C3】_, but they say the new finding【C4】_the need to use antibiotics sparingly, 【C5】_that the genes for antibiotic resistance are very common and can easily be【C6
3、】_by antibiotics. “The fact that the genes for resistance are so ancient and widespread means there is no easy【C7 】_to the problem of resistance we will never invent a super-antibiotic that【C8】_everything up,“ said Martin J. Blaser, a microbiologist at New York University.Antibiotics are substances【
4、C9】_by fungi, algae and bacteria for signaling and for defense. The inhabitants of this microbial world have also evolved genes that【C10】_antibiotics. After millions of years of chemical【C11】_, two classes of sophisticated genes have【C12】_, those that make antibiotics and those that provide resistan
5、ce to antibiotics. “Antibiotic resistance is part of the natural ecology of the planet, and this finding is a【C13】_note about how we use these things,“ Dr. Wright said. “Antibiotics are remarkable resources that need to be carefully【C14】_. “Widespread use of the drugs has stimulated the【C15】_of bact
6、eria that have become the 【C16】_of hospitals because they can resist many different kinds of antibiotic. “What this finding says to me is that we have to use the antibiotics we have【C17】_, because were not going to【C18】_misuse,“ said Stuart Levy, a microbiologist at Tufts University who has【 C19】_of
7、 wasteful use of antibiotics for 30 years. “What had been missed in the 1960s and 1970s was the【C20】_with which resistance could appear,“ he said. “Bacteria share these genes like baseball cards with each other. “308 words1 【C1 】（A）assessment（B） evidence（C） observation（D）instruction2 【C2 】（A）boosted
8、（B） restricted（C） preceded（D）succeeded3 【C3 】（A）grounds（B） terms（C） point（D）account4 【C4 】（A）underlines（B） underestimates（C） undertakes（D）undermines5 【C5 】（A）save（B） given（C） suppose（D）provided6 【C6 】（A）restored（B） suppressed（C） promoted（D）impaired7 【C7 】（A）dispute（B） solution（C） denial（D）decision8
9、【C8 】（A）mixes（B） stirs（C） backs（D）clears9 【C9 】（A）produced（B） delivered（C） regulated（D）gathered10 【C10 】（A）synthesize（B） enhance（C） mishandle（D）counteract11 【C11 】（A）warfare（B） selection（C） exchange（D）blend12 【C12 】（A）disappeared（B） emerged（C） merged（D）divided13 【C13 】（A）cautionary（B） debatable（C） r
10、etrospective（D）sensitive14 【C14 】（A）mapped（B） nursed（C） addressed（D）husbanded15 【C15 】（A）discovery（B） repression（C） development（D）exclusion16 【C16 】（A）resource（B） shelter（C） failure（D）trouble17 【C17 】（A）confidently（B） prudently（C） creatively（D）temporarily18 【C18 】（A）get by on（B） get down to（C） get a
11、way with（D）get back to19 【C19 】（A）approved（B） learned（C） warned（D）conceived20 【C20 】（A）haste（B） difficulty（C） care（D）easePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 In 2004 Google unveiled Gmail: a powerful e-mail acco
12、unt with a gigabyte of storage. That was 500 times what Hotmail was offeringso much storage, the original Gmail didnt even offer a delete buttonand all for free. But not everyone rejoiced. Gmail paid for all of this goodness by displaying small text ads, off to the right of each incoming message, re
13、levant to its contents. Privacy advocates went ballistic. It didnt seem to matter to them that a software algorithmnot a human beingwas scanning your messages for keywords. The Electronic Privacy Information Center called for Gmail to be shut down, and a California state senator proposed a bill that
14、 would make it illegal to scan the contents of incoming e-mail.To many people, it seems that the more time we spend online, the more often we are offered convenience in exchange for our privacy. Grocery stores affinity cards give us discountsbut let them track what we are buying and eating. Amazon,
15、com greets us by name and remembers what we have bought. Facebook has amassed the largest database of personal information in human history (more than half a billion people).Of course, convenience-for-privacy deals have been going on for years. Credit cards leave a trail. Phones give phone company e
16、mployees a record of who youve been calling. Its nice to have a house to live inbut buying one leaves a permanent record of your whereabouts.There are some good reasons to protect certain aspects of our privacy, of course. We would never want our medical or financial details to keep us from getting
17、a jobor a date. We might not want our voting patterns made public. But beyond those obvious exceptions, privacy fears have always been more of an emotional reaction than a rational one. (Does anyone really care what groceries you buy? Does it matter if they do?) And in the online world, much of it i
18、s simply fear of the unknown, of whats new.In time, as the unknown becomes familiar, each new wave of online-privacy terror seems to fade away. Nobody bats an eye over Gmails ad-scanning feature anymore. Even middle-agers and grandparents are signing up for Facebook. The younger generation cant even
19、 comprehend why their elders worry about privacy. Indeed, the entire appeal of the new age of online services is to broadcast personal information. On purpose. Foursquare, Gowalla and Face-book Places even publicize your current location, so that your friends can track your movements (and, of course
20、, join you).If you were among those who thought that Google overstepped privacy lines with Gmail, you must be positively freaked about these developments. But at least some aspects of your privacy have been gone for years. The fear you feel may be real, but the chances of someone actually looking up
21、 the boring details of your life are reassuringly small. As with fear of flying, shark attacks or lightning, your gut may not be getting realistic data from your brain. 497 words21 We learn from Para. 1 that Googles Gmail provoked suspicion mainly for_.（A）its acclaimed storing capacity（B） its lack o
22、f innovation（C） its message-scanning function（D）its free services22 Convenience-for-privacy deals_.（A）are a new phenomenon brought out by the internet（B） are gaining popularity with the development of internet（C） are faced with the challenge from the internet（D）pose a threat to online businesses23 A
23、ccording to the author, privacy fears are generally_.（A）a response to information leakage（B） a result of rational thinking（C） an emotional reaction to the unknown（D）a necessary protection for ourselves24 Which of the following expressions is closest in meaning to “bat an eye over“ (Line 2, Para. 5)?
24、（A）care about（B） rejoice over（C） ignore（D）feel unfamiliar with25 Which of the following is closest to the meaning of this text?（A）The fear of ill exceeds the ills we fear.（B） Caution is the parent of safety.（C） Do not wash your dirty linen in public.（D）All news has wings.25 We may do something with
25、the best of intentions, and sometimes even accomplish the good toward which we aim. Yet, at the same time, we are all too often surprised by results that didnt occur to us beforehand. The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 started out with the best of intentions. But now it is under increasing scrutiny by swelli
26、ng ranks of critics. The primary concern is that its original intent to infuse the American marketplace with the fruits of academic innovation has distorted the fundamental mission of universities.In the past, discovery for its own sake provided academic motivation, but todays universities function
27、more like corporate research laboratories. Rather than freely sharing techniques and results, researchers increasingly keep new findings under wraps to maintain a competitive edge. What used to be peer-reviewed is now proprietary. “Share and share alike“ has degenerated into “every laboratory for it
28、self. “Bayh-Dole tore down the taboos that existed against universities engaging in overtly commercial activity. Universities really thought that they were going to make it rich,“ said Jennifer Wasrhburn, author of “University Inc. : The Corporate Corruption of Higher Education“. “Each school was co
29、nvinced that if they came up with that one blockbuster invention, they could solve all their financial problems. “Ms. Washburn says that was “extremely wrong-headed. “ Initially reacting to the law by slapping patents on every possible innovation, universities quickly discovered that patents were an
30、 expensive proposition. The fees and legal costs involved in obtaining a single patent can run upward of $ 15,000, and that doesnt count the salaries of administrative staff members. Instead of bringing home the bacon, university tech transfer offices were throwing money into the void with little ho
31、pe of returns.To date, Ms. Washburn says, data gathered by the Association of University Technology Managers show that fewer than half of the 300 research universities actively seeking patents have managed to break even from technology transfer efforts. Instead, two-thirds of the revenue tracked by
32、the association has gone to only 13 institutions.Part of the problem has been a lingering misunderstanding about where the value lies in innovation. Patenting a new basic science technique, or platform technology, puts it out of the reach of graduate students who might have made tremendous progress
33、using it. Similarly, exclusive licensing of a discovery to a single company thwarts that innovations use in any number of other fields.The issue is further clouded by “reach through“ licenses, complex arrangements used by many tech transfer offices. A reach-through lets the patent holder claim a sha
34、re of any profits that result from using, say, an enabling technology, even if those profits come several steps down the market transfer line.Perhaps the most troublesome aspect of campus commercialization is that research decisions are now being based on possible profits, not on the inherent value
35、of knowledge. “Blue sky“ research the kind of basic experimentation that leads to a greater understanding of how the world works has largely been set aside in favor of projects considered to have more immediate market potential. In academias continuing pursuit of profit, the wonder of simple serendi
36、pitous discovery has been left on the curb. 510 words26 The Bayh-Dole Act_.（A）aims to change the missions of universities（B） aims to enhance academic motivation in universities（C） has hindered the sharing in academic world（D）has stimulated scientific discovery27 According to Ms. Washburn, for most u
37、niversities, patenting their innovations_.（A）has proved to be cost-ineffective（B） has strengthened their competitiveness（C） has benefited their academic research（D）has relieved their financial difficulties28 Researchers should base their decisions on_.（A）immediate economic profits（B） long-term marke
38、t potential（C） the value of knowledge（D）the prospect of their universities29 To which of the following does the author show his most negative opinion?（A）The Bayh-Dole Act.（B） The book “University Inc. : The Corporate Corruption of Higher Education“.（C） Reach through licenses.（D）Blue sky research.30
39、An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be_.（A）Fors and Againsts of “Campus Commercialization“（B） Costs and Benefits of Holding Patents（C） When Academia Puts Profit Ahead of Wonder（D）When Universities Lose Their Edge in Innovation30 Adam Smith, free-market partisan: this image dominates,
40、 even in market-weary times. Politicians invoke him as a near-deity. Think tanks use his name as a synonym for free-market policies. So dogmatic is he imagined to be in his famous book “The Wealth of Nations“ that the writer-activist Riane Eisler wrote a corrective titled “The Real Wealth of Nations
41、; Creating a Caring Economics. “The implication that his economics was uncaring might have disturbed Adam Smith, for he was hardly the man that many now think him to be. While he believed that markets could channel self-interest into efficient aggregate outcomes, he argued that this was no excuse fo
42、r selfishness: “When the happiness or misery of others depends in any respect upon our conduct, we dare not, as self-love might suggest to us, prefer the interest of one to that of man-y. “ That quotation is not from “The Wealth of Nations,“ Smiths best-known work, but from “The Theory of Moral Sent
43、iments,“ his lesser-known opus. It offers a reminder that Smith was a subtle, complex thinker whose ideas about markets and those who use them would embarrass many of his present-day devotees.Smith is often treated like the philosopher of the Goldman Sachs bonus, as the defender of an anything-goes
44、capitalism. But in “Moral Sentiments“ he sharply criticizes the idea that self-interest is enough. A healthy society, Smith believed, requires trust, so that bankers lend. It requires sympathy: the books first words praise the feelings in every person that “interest him in the fortune of others. “ I
45、t requires prudence; simplicity, honesty, thrift, the deferral of gratification, industry, a refusal to risk fortune and tranquillity “in quest of new enterprises and adventures. “ And it requires regulation, transparency and other mechanisms of fair play. In Smiths vision, greed is socially benefic
46、ial only when properly harnessed and channeled.But “Moral Sentiments“ does more than just balance our understanding of Smith. It is also a thorough analysis of money and the human character. If “The Wealth of Nations“ was Smith the economist describing the workings of the market, “Moral Sentiments“
47、is Smith the social psychologist describing how humans actually employ that market. “To what purpose is all the toil and bustle of this world?“ Smith asks. We ever insist on “bettering our condition,“ he writes, not out of necessity, not to feed or clothe ourselves, but for vanity: “To be observed,
48、to be attended to, to be taken notice of with sympathy. “ His words seem strangely relevant to this age of elusive dinner reservations and fractional jet ownership.Smith saw, as well, how the powerful are encouraged in their vanity by the rest of us: how we puff them up, hang on their deeds, pay mor
49、e attention to them than to the unfortunate, and gradually make them sense that they can get away with anything. The ambitious man, Smith writes, comes to believe “that the brilliancy of his future conduct will entirely cover, or efface, the foulness of the steps by which he arrived at that elevation. “ It is this sense of impunity that worried Smith about the wealth pursuit. 508 words31 Riane Eislers work i
