1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 68 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 When speaking about science to scientists, there is one thing that can be said that will almost always raise their indignation, and
2、 that is that science is inherently political and that the practice of science is a political act. Science, they will【C1】_, has nothing to do with politics. But is that true?Lets consider the relationship between knowledge and power. “Knowledge and power go hand in hand,“ said Francis Bacon, “【C2】_t
3、he way to increase in power is to increase in knowledge. “ At its【C3 】_, science is a reliable method for creating knowledge, and thus power. Because science【C4】_the boundaries of knowledge, it pushes us to constantly【C5】_our ethics and morality, and that is always political. But【C6】_that, science c
4、onstantly disrupts hierarchical power structures and vested interests in a long【C7】_to give knowledge, and thus power, to the individual, and that process is also political.Wishing to【C8】_the painful moral and ethical analysis that their discoveries sometimes【C9】_, many scientists today see their【C1
5、0】_to be the creation of knowledge and believe they should leave the moral, ethical, and political implications to others to【C11】_out.【C12】_the practice of science itself cannot possibly be apolitical, because it takes nothing on【C13】_. The very essence of the scientific process is to question long-
6、held assumptions about the nature of the universe, to【C14】_experiments that test those questions, and,【C15】_the observations, to gradually build knowledge that is independent【 C16】_our beliefs and assumptions. A scientifically【C17】_claim is utterly transparent and can be shown to be either most prob
7、ably true or false,【C18】_the claim is made by a king or a president, a pope, or a common citizen.【C19 】_this, science is inherently antiauthoritarian, and a great【C20】_of political power.1 【C1 】（A）prove（B） respond（C） decide（D）admit2 【C2 】（A）so that（B） in that（C） except that（D）now that3 【C3 】（A）heigh
8、t（B） best（C） core（D）beginning4 【C4 】（A）blurs（B） pushes（C） crosses（D）sets5 【C5 】（A）refresh（B） refrain（C） reflect（D）refine6 【C6 】（A）within（B） toward（C） beyond（D）through7 【C7 】（A）drive（B） competition（C） position（D）movement8 【C8 】（A）promote（B） evade（C） control（D）conduct9 【C9 】（A）compel（B） forbid（C） dist
9、ort（D）reject10 【C10 】（A）case（B） need（C） talent（D）role11 【C11 】（A）mark（B） sort（C） give（D）clear12 【C12 】（A）Indeed（B） Moreover（C） But（D）And13 【C13 】（A）faith（B） advice（C） paper（D）evidence14 【C14 】（A）back up（B） hold up（C） follow up（D）dream up15 【C15 】（A）different from（B） added to（C） judging by（D）based on
10、16 【C16 】（A）to（B） from（C） of（D）against17 【C17 】（A）testable（B） reliable（C） notable（D）plausible18 【C18 】（A）in case（B） while（C） only if（D）whether19 【C19 】（A）Regardless of（B） Apart from（C） Because of（D）Along with20 【C20 】（A）supervisor（B） equalizer（C） indicator（D）stimulatorPart ADirections: Read the foll
11、owing four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Picture yourself as a historian in 2035, trying to make sense of this years American election campaign. Many of the websites and blogs now abuzz with news and comment will have long since perished. Data st
12、ored electronically decays. If you are lucky, copies of campaign material, and of e-mails and other materials, will be available in public libraries. But will you be able to read them? Already, NASA has lost data from some of its earliest missions to the moon because the machines used to read the ta
13、pes were scrapped and cannot be rebuilt. A wise librarian will wish to keep in working order a few antique computers that can read such ancient technologies as CDs and USB thumb-drives. But even that may not be enough. Computer files are not worth anything without software to open them.Conscientious
14、 institutions already make copies of some web pages, e-books and other digital material, and shift the data to new hardware every five years. As software becomes obsolete, libraries and companies can create emulatorsold operating systems working inside newer ones.But that effort is hampered by regul
15、ation that makes archiving digital artefacts even more difficult than it already is. In America, for instance, circumventing the anti-piracy digital rights management software(DRM)that publishers attach to their products is a criminal offence. If that software disappears, the material will no longer
16、 be accessible. In 2010 the United States Copyright Office exempted publishers of online-only works from the duty of depositing a copy with the Library of Congress unless specifically requested. National libraries have the right to demand a copy of every printed book published on their territory. Bu
17、t they have no mandate to collect the software without which much electronic data remains unreadable.Regulators are pondering the problem. In early May Americas Copyright Office will hold public hearings to discuss exemptions to the ban on circumventing DRM. In Britain the government wants to make i
18、t compulsory for publishers, including software-makers, to provide the British Library with a copy of the finished version of everything they produce within a month of publication. The proposed law will allow the library to harvest web pages and material hidden behind paywalls or login requirements.
19、Mistakes 30 years ago mean that much of the early digital age is already a closed book(or no book at all)to historians. Without a wider mandate for libraries, giving them the right to store both digital materials and the tools to open it, historians of the future will be unable to reconstruct our ti
20、mes. They may not even know what they have lost.21 In the authors opinion, the most serious problem faced by “you(a historian in 2035)“ will be the lack of_.（A）related website news（B） functional reading machines（C） readable storage devices（D）applicable operating systems22 Which of the following can
21、be inferred from paragraph 3?（A）Obtaining digital reading devices should be legalized for the libraries.（B） The compulsory use of DRM would help prevent future data loss.（C） Libraries should pay equal attention to printed books and e-books.（D）Current American regulation is not strict enough to attac
22、k piracy.23 The word “circumventing(Line 2, Para 3)“ is closest in meaning to_.（A）copying（B） selling（C） bypassing（D）fabricating24 Which of the following statements is true according to Paragraph 4?（A）The American and British governments intend to break the monopoly of digital publishers.（B） The Amer
23、ican government is reluctant to change the regulation concerning DRM.（C） The British government has punished publishers for not submitting their final products.（D）The British government may make free access of on-line data possible for the library.25 The author might suggest that_.（A）historians shou
24、ld try to reconstruct the history of early digital ages（B） E-publishers should cooperate with libraries for digital archiving（C） the authorities should formulate more rules to protect digital copyright（D）technology companies should make efforts in improving digital storage devices25 Acidification, w
25、arming, the destruction of coral reefs: the biggest problems facing the sea are as vast, deep and seemingly intractable as the oceans themselves. So long as the world fails to cut its emissions of greenhouse gases, cause of the global warming behind these troubles, they will grow. By comparison, ove
26、rfishing, another great curse, should be easier to put right, especially in the coastal waters where most fishing occurs. And yet it goes on, year after year.One reason why the pillage continues is that knowledge of fish stocks is poor. A new statistical attempt at estimating the remaining shoals, f
27、rom the University of California, Santa Barbara, is therefore welcome. The study found that better-understood fisheries are likelier to be healthy. Another reason for overfishing is new technology(developed, aptly enough, for battlefields), which makes shoals easier to detect. As large boats and ref
28、rigeration havespread, fishing fleets have covered greater distances and dragged larger catches. Because technology lets fishermen fish with less effort, it disguises just how fast the stocks are depleting.In most fisheries, the fishermen would make more money by husbanding their resource, and it sh
29、ould be possible to incentivise them to do so. The best way is to give them a defined, long-term right to a share of the fish. In regulated industrial fisheries, as in Iceland, New Zealand and America, this has taken the form of a tradable, individual share of a fishing quota. Developing countries,
30、where law enforcement is weak, seem to do better when a group right over an expanse of water is given to a co-operative or village fleet. The principle is the same: fishermen who feel like owners are more likely to behave as responsible stewards. The new statistical study confirms that rights-based
31、fisheries are generally healthier.Yet only a few hundred of the oceans thousands of fisheries are run this way, mainly because such schemes are hard to get right. Limiting access to a common resource creates losers, and therefore discord. Cultural differences affect success rates; not everyone is as
32、 law-abiding as Icelanders. Almost everywhere it takes time to convince fishermen, the last hunter-gatherers, to change their habits. But, barnacled by caveats though it may be, the rights-based approach is the best available.In rich countries, satellite imagery will increasingly help, by making mon
33、itoring cheaper and better. In many poor ones, devolution is making it easier to form local organisations. Another promising idea is to incorporate rights-based fisheries with no-catch zones. These safeguard breeding-stocks and are easier to monitor than individual catches. Where stocks are recoveri
34、ng, as a result of these reforms, fishermen are likelier to see scientifically determined quotas as in their self-interest.26 The first paragraph intends to show that oceans_.（A）are being endangered by various environmental problems（B） are in a crisis rooted in the emission of greenhouse gases（C） ar
35、e being protected from the damage of overfishing（D）are in urgent need of fishery management efforts27 We can learn from paragraph 2 that new technologies are_.（A）enriching the knowledge of fish stocks（B） contributing to the health of fisheries（C） concealing the real loss of the fish stocks（D）intensi
36、fying the competition among fishermen28 According to the author, the key to fishing reform is_.（A）to define a proper duration of fishing right（B） to introduce a reasonable fishing quota（C） to harmonize fishermen-fishery relationship（D）to assign fishermen some rights to fisheries29 In the authors vie
37、w, the prospect of the rights-based approach is_.（A）promising（B） gloomy（C） unpredictable（D）culturally-dependent30 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）A Grave Threat to the Oceans（B） A New Report on Fish Stocks（C） A Feasible Solution to Overfishing（D）The Major Obstacles to
38、Fishing Reforms30 We have a deep, probably intrinsic desire to know the future. Unfortunately for us, the future is deeply, intrinsically unknowable. This is the problem Dan Gardner tackles in Future Babble; Why Expert Predictions Are Next to Worthless, and You Can Do Belter. It knows one big thing:
39、 that the future cannot be foretold, period, and that those who try to predict it are deceiving themselves and the rest of us. In defense of that theory, Gardner dips into the science of unpredictability and the psychology of certainty. And he provides case studies of failed prophets, in which the e
40、nvironmental scientist Paul Ehrlich, the historian Arnold Toyn-bee and the social critic James Howard Kunstler come in for a particularly hard time.Many recent works explore similar ground, so if youre in Gardners target audience, youve most likely encountered much of his material. Competition is no
41、t its own criticism, of course, but Gardner struggles to distinguish himself. Witness his fondness for overdetermined analogies. A video about the 2008 housing-market disaster “spread like a California wildfire in an abandoned housing development. “More worrisome than the literary lapses are the int
42、ellectual ones. First, Gardner repeatedly fails to distinguish between different kinds of forecasters e. g. , Ehrlich and the evangelist Hal Lindsey. Undoubtedly we should be skeptical, but the reasoning is wrong. Just because a policy analyst and Mysterious Madam Zelda both mispredict the future do
43、esnt make their predictions equivalent. The analysts prediction is moored in theory and evidence; if all other variables could be controlled, Fact A could cause Forecast B. Of course, all other variables cant be controlled, and so the analyst may be wrong. Religious and occult predictions, however,
44、boast no causal logic whatsoever. Even when theyre right, theyre wrong.More troubling still, Gardner perpetuates misunderstandings about the human mind. “We live in the Information Age,“ he writes, “but our brains are Stone Age. “ That is, we make mistakes because our minds are eons out of date, Thi
45、s idea is the Noble Savage of pop neuroscience: a catchy, culturally convenient notion that is flat wrong. Its easy to tell Just So stories about why we are the way we are, but they cant be proved, and they often collapse under even mild scrutiny. Gardner, for all his concern about prediction, has n
46、o worries about retrodiction, even of the distant, unknowable past. He writes enthusiastically about how we are “hard-wired“ for this or that trick say, to crave; certainty.What is most frustrating about all this iffy evolutionary psychology is that it represents Gardners only real effort to underst
47、and why we obsess about the future. True, back in the day, we needed to predict whether the rustling in the bushes was a predator or dinner. But “What happens next?“ is a deep and wide question, one that extends far beyond Paleolithic-perils. It is about suspense, curiosity, tension, desire, death.
48、Gardner touches almost none of that.31 Gardner holds that experts should_.（A）endeavor to make scientific and accurate predictions（B） learn from laymans predicting experiences（C） recognize the unpredictability of the future（D）base their predictions on psychology of certainty32 The author suggests tha
49、t the effect of analogies in Future Babble is_.（A）disappointing（B） desirable（C） profound（D）questionable33 In the authors view, the predictions of Ehrlich and Hal Lindsey are_.（A）identically wrong（B） theoretically similar（C） logically identical（D）fundamentally different34 “Noble Savage“ is mentioned in Paragraph 4 to show that Gardners idea about human brains_.（A）helps us understand why we make mistakes（B） c
