1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 73 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Researchers led by New York University neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux recently claimed to be the first scientists to erase a single m
2、emory. Working with rats, LeDouxs team first【B1】_the animals to fear both a beep and a siren【B2】_giving them an electric shock every time either of the tones sounded. Then LeDoux gave half the rats the drug U0126, which is known to【B3】_with memory storage, and replayed the beep【B4】_electric shocks.A
3、 day later, when LeDoux【B5 】_back both tones to the rats, the animals that hadnt been given the drug were still fearful of both sounds.【B6】_the rats that had been given the memory-blocking drug werent【B7 】_of the beep, which they had last heard while【B8 】_the influence of U0126.【B9 】_how U0126 exert
4、s its amnesiac effect is【B10】_, but it may block the synthesis of proteins that help strengthen【B11】_between neurons and establish memories. The opportunity for erasure【B12】_during the act of retrieving a memory, because thats【B13】_the memory is being updated and【B14】_again for long-term storage. “
5、Only those memories that are activated are【 B15】_,“ LeDoux says.Drugs like U0126 may someday【B16】_sufferers of traumatic memories. A small group of human studies have been done on a drug called propranolol, which blocks the action of stress neurotransmitters that help【B17】 _memories in the brain, bu
6、t LeDouxs work shows the【B18】_for greater precision. “ You might be able to【B19 】_the traumatic impact of memories in people,“ says LeDoux. “ The good news is you wouldnt be【B20】_off their memory bank. “1 【B1 】（A）forced（B） taught（C） deployed（D）observed2 【B2 】（A）in（B） at（C） upon（D）by3 【B3 】（A）interfe
7、re（B） prevent（C） disturb（D）obstruct4 【B4 】（A）without（B） through（C） despite（D）after5 【B5 】（A）returned（B） gave（C） played（D）showed6 【B6 】（A）Though（B） And（C） But（D）Since7 【B7 】（A）aware（B） bewildered（C） fond（D）scared8 【B8 】（A）under（B） beyond（C） except（D）within9 【B9 】（A）Eventually（B） Exactly（C） Surely（D）S
8、imilarly10 【B10 】（A）unknown（B） suspicious（C） significant（D）determinate11 【B11 】（A）resemblances（B） connections（C） differences（D）conflicts12 【B12 】（A）starts（B） occurs（C） arises（D）happens13 【B13 】（A）where（B） what（C） how（D）when14 【B14 】（A）enhanced（B） preserved（C） stabilized（D）declined15 【B15 】（A）vulnera
9、ble（B） irresistible（C） recognizable（D）measurable16 【B16 】（A）inspire（B） examine（C） analyze（D）benefit17 【B17 】（A）remove（B） seek（C） cement（D）distinguish18 【B18 】（A）evidence（B） contradiction（C） potential（D）tendency19 【B19 】（A）suspend（B） explore（C） maintain（D）reduce20 【B20 】（A）sealing（B） wiping（C） traili
10、ng（D）crossingPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments in ways that other animals cannot.
11、 However, a visit to the Monkey Sanctuary, near Looe in Cornwall, provided striking evidence of connections between monkey mother-child relations and that in humans.The monkeys there have usually been badly deprived of love or maltreated by humans. The scientists use their understanding and painstak
12、ing care to nurture the monkeys back to a more stable emotional state. As a review paper shows, there are important parallels between the impact of early maltreatment in other mammals and humans, and key implications for prevention of human emotional problems.The kind of early care a monkey receives
13、 precisely predicts its brain chemistry and the kind of adult it will become. Rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers at birth and reared without an alternative parent, only with their peers until the age of six months, are more easily scared of strangers and unfamiliar experiences than mother-r
14、eared ones.When threatened by social separation or isolation in later life, those monkeys separated from their mothers at birth have different brain and body chemistry. When they become mothers themselves, they are significantly more neglectful or abusive of their offspring than those who were mothe
15、r-reared, repeating the cycle of deprivation.The similarity in mothering across generations could be simply a genetic inheritance, but this has been disproved. The amount of contact with the particular daughter has been compared with the mothers average for all of her daughters. A daughters subseque
16、nt mothering reflects her particular experience rather than the average for all of her sisters. The unique care received determines subsequent pattern of mothering, rather than a genetic tendency inherited from the mother.Another theory is that a genetically difficult baby could make the mother unca
17、ring. This was contradicted by a study of what are called highly reactive infant monkeysones that are very difficult to care for because they overreact to the slightest sound or movement.They were fostered out to either average mothers or exceptionally nurturing ones. The exceptionally nurtured youn
18、g monkeys grew up even more socially well-adjusted than normal infants fostered by average mothers. Nurture was so influential, in other words, that it could turn a difficult infant into a superior adult. Furthermore, when the generation of offspring in the study grew up and themselves had infants,
19、their parenting style, whether exceptionally nurturing or average, exactly mirrored the kind of care they had received as infants. This was regardless of whether their original infant personality had been highly reactive or not.Much of what goes for monkeys seems to go for humans too. Its a simple b
20、ut important point: babies and toddlers need consistent loving care if they are to grow up secure and mentally healthy. Well-conceived and executed interventions that improve mother-infant relationships can make all the difference. 21 It can be inferred from Paragraphs 1 and 2 that_.（A）human beings
21、can control the environment（B） we are actually not a unique species as we thought of（C） research on monkeys provides enlightenment to humans（D）monkeys are usually reared without love and mother care22 What do we know about mother-reared rhesus monkeys?（A）They only stay with their peers until the age
22、 of six months.（B） They are not easily frightened by strange people and events.（C） Their brain and body chemistry may be remarkably changed.（D）They abuse or ignore their offspring when becoming mothers.23 Similar mothering behavior across generation implies that_.（A）genetic inheritance plays a major
23、 role（B） mother-baby relation is fixed at an early age（C） highly reactive infants are difficult to care（D）parenting style is learned from mothers24 In Paragraph 7, the text shows nurtures_.（A）power to create super adults（B） influence on mothers-to-be（C） considerable research value（D）significance in
24、child-rearing25 The author suggests in the last paragraph that_.（A）establishing beneficial mother-baby relation needs scientific guidance（B） monkeys and humans have experienced similar evolution process（C） most of the mother-reared infants can grow up as healthy social beings（D）babies and infants ne
25、ed to be provided with a secure social environment25 For an ambitious economic superpower, there can be few more nasty events than electricity cuts as massive as those that struck northern and eastern India this week. An area in which more than 600m people live faced blackouts over two days. The imp
26、act on Indias economy goes far beyond lost output. The blackout will badly damage the countrys reputation, and highlights the rotten infrastructure.The cause of the blackouts is gloomyan overloading of the national network that links together regional grids is the most likely explanation. By most ac
27、counts engineers did a heroic job of patching things up. But the power industry, which must double its output roughly every decade if India is to grow fast, has long been a disaster waiting to happen. A pile of private capital has been attracted to build new power stations. But the rest of the suppl
28、y chain is a mess.At one end, not enough cheap coal is being dug up and gasfields are spouting. At the other, the national transmission grid needs investment. Meanwhile the “ last mile“ distribution companies, largely state-owned, that buy power and deliver it to homes and firms, are financial monst
29、ers. Much of their power is pinched or given away free. Local politicians put pressure on them to keep tariffs low, which leads to huge losses. Squeezed between a shortage of fuel and end-customers who are nearly broke, those private generating firms are now cutting back on vital long-term investmen
30、t in new plants.The solution is to cut graft, tackle vested interests and allow markets to work better. The coal monopoly needs to be broken up and local distribution firms privatized. Yet despite the looming crisis, for a decade the government has shirked doing what is clearly necessary, just as it
31、 has failed to implement key tax reforms, cut public borrowing or open the retail sector to competition. It has allowed corruption and red tape to damage other vital industries, such as telecoms.Politicians shirk these tasks because they fear offending powerful lobbies, such as the farmers who recei
32、ve subsidised electricity, while voters seem to manifest little appetite for reform. No party has a clear majority in parliament, and none was elected on a platform of change. The present Congress-led coalition government has few people with a record of or an instinct for reform, save perhaps the pr
33、ime minister, Manmohan Singh, who has now run out of vigor. It relies on unreliable regional parties to stay in power.Indias great blackout is a consequence of rotten governance. Voters need to understand that, and deliver the countrys political class a different kind of electric shock.26 According
34、to Paragraph 1, the large-scale blackout in India_.（A）exposes the weaknesses of the economy（B） frustrates the ambition of the government（C） changes the worlds view upon the nation（D）damages the basic installation of power industry27 The author suggests that the root cause of the power cuts lies in_.
35、（A）the obsolete installations（B） insufficient private investment（C） unreasonable industrial structure（D）expensive raw material28 What has led to the decrease of private investment?（A）Threats from local politicians.（B） Failure to acquire expected profits.（C） Exploitation of the coal monopoly.（D）Possi
36、bility to become broke.29 It is indicated that reform may not be implemented because_.（A）the farmers oppose changing of the rule（B） the politicians refuse to take active action（C） the Prime Minister doesnt have enough vigor（D）the whole society fail to realize the crisis30 According to the last parag
37、raph, the author calls on the voters to_.（A）punish ruling parties severely（B） overthrow the current government（C） create disturbance in power industry（D）strongly urge the politicians30 How much does a plane ticket really cost? Just a decade ago, when most airfares included a checked bag and the abil
38、ity to reserve a seat or book a ticket by phone, the answer was pretty straightforward: the price you saw was the price you paid, minus taxes. Today, most airlines, except for a few full-service Asian carriers and a holdout or two in the United States, charge economy-class passengers extra for almos
39、t everythinga process known as “ unbundling. “ Want to check your luggage? Thatll be $ 25 for the first bag. Sit next to a window? $ 29. Book by phone? An extra $ 25, please.Now U. S. regulators are considering a crackdown on what critics charge are misleading pricing practices that have unjustly en
40、riched airlines by concealing the true cost of flying. A recent report by IdeaWorks, an aviation consultancy, found that the airline industry is making a fortune on fees, netting $ 22.6 billion worldwide in 2011, a 66 percent jump from two years before.A new rule, formulated at the beginning of 2012
41、, already requires domestic airlines to quote fares that include all mandatory taxes and fees. And last week, an advisory committee to the federal Transportation Department considered recommending that the government go a step further by requiring airlines to disclose all of their fees before a tick
42、et purchase.But airlines insist theyre as transparent as they need to be when it comes to fares, and that regulators would be overstepping their mandate if such a rule were adopted. Besides, airlines say, fees are already revealed on airline websites, and disclosure is constantly improving. For exam
43、ple, United Airlines, currently the worlds largest carrier, recently introduced a baggage-fee calculator that allows customers to determine how much theyll pay for their checked luggage.The committees recommendations are nonbinding, and they may have some trouble getting a nod from the next secretar
44、y of Transportation if President Obama loses the upcoming election to his Republican opponent. They also face a tedious rule-making process and a likely court challenge by airlines. But consumer groups appear to have some momentum. Airlines balked when they were required to add taxes and mandatory f
45、ees to their fares, charging the government with “hiding“ taxes and with it, the true cost of air travel. Two carriers sued the government in an effort to overturn the rule. But last month, a Court of Appeals sided with the government. If the move toward price transparency catches on, it could have
46、a ripple effect worldwide, creating a global standard for disclosure and answering the question of how much an airline ticket costs once and for all. How much does a plane ticket really cost? Just a decade ago, when most airfares included a checked bag and the ability to reserve a seat or book a tic
47、ket by phone, the answer was pretty straightforward: the price you saw was the price you paid, minus taxes. Today, most airlines, except for a few full-service Asian carriers and a holdout or two in the United States, charge economy-class passengers extra for almost everythinga process known as “ un
48、bundling. “ Want to check your luggage? Thatll be $ 25 for the first bag. Sit next to a window? $ 29. Book by phone? An extra $ 25, please.Now U. S. regulators are considering a crackdown on what critics charge are misleading pricing practices that have unjustly enriched airlines by concealing the t
49、rue cost of flying. A recent report by IdeaWorks, an aviation consultancy, found that the airline industry is making a fortune on fees, netting $ 22.6 billion worldwide in 2011, a 66 percent jump from two years before.A new rule, formulated at the beginning of 2012, already requires domestic airlines to quote fares that include all mandatory taxes and fees. And last week, an advisory committee to the federal Transportat
